Effects of Reactor and Reaction Condition on Bioremoval of Xenobiotics Bisphenol A in Soil Slurry by White-Rot Basidiomycete
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本研究では土壌スラリー内難分解性物質のモデル物質としてビスフェノールA（BPA）を選定し，白色腐朽菌による生物除去反応実験を振盪フラスコ，ローラーボトル反応器，気泡塔を用いて行った．土壌スラリーを作るのにはある一定値の土壌水分比が必要であった．その値は最大土壌水分保持量以上であることが示唆された．反応器として振盪フラスコを用いてBPAの生物除去反応を行った結果，その除去率は24 hにおいて0.97（n=2）であった．既往の固相生物除去反応に比べて，およそ30倍の時間短縮が見られた．振盪フラスコ内に土壌スラリーが確認される場合，振盪速度（60，100 rpm）に関わらず，24 hのBPA除去率は0.98±0.01となった．ローラーボトル反応器は振盪フラスコに比べて低速回転で生物除去反応を十分に進めることが可能であり，12 hにおいて残留BPAは検出されなかった．気泡塔での生物除去反応では，土壌スラリー量，通気量を同一にしても反応器の形状によって除去反応速度に違いが生じた．反応器の性状は，酸素供給の差ではなくスラリーの混合状態に影響したと考える．Keywords:
White rot
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A xenobiotic is a synthetic foreign substance present in a living being which is not ordinarily normally created or exhibit inside the life form. Chemicals that are foreign to the biosphere are known as xenobiotic compounds. In particular, medications, for example, antibiotics are xenobiotics in humans because the human body does not deliver them itself, nor they part of a normal food. Natural compounds can likewise get to be xenobiotics on the off chance that they are taken up by another life form, for example, the uptake of normal human hormones by fish discovered downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls, chemical defenses produced by some organisms as protection against predators. The body evacuates xenobiotics by xenobiotic metabolism. Xenobiotic organs would be created in a manner that they would not be rejected by the resistant framework. Any xenobiotics produce an assortment of natural impacts, which is utilized when they are portrayed utilizing bioassay. The term xenobiotic is likewise used to organs transplanted starting with one animal type to another.
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A xenobiotic is a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it. It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Specifically, drugs such as antibiotics are xenobiotics in humans because the human body does not produce them itself, nor are they part of a normal diet. Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up by another organism, such as the uptake of natural human hormones by fish found downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls, or the chemical defenses produced by some organisms as protection against predators. Xenobiotic metabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics. In general, drugs are metabolized more slowly in fetal, neonatal and elderly humans and animals than in adults. The body removes xenobiotics by xenobiotic metabolism. This consists of the deactivation and the excretion of xenobiotics and happens mostly in the liver. Excretion routes are urine, feces, breath, and sweat. Hepatic enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics by first activating them (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and/or hydration of the xenobiotic) and then conjugating the active secondary metabolite with glucuronic or sulphuric acid, or glutathione followed by excretion in bile or urine. Environmental xenobiotics are xenobiotic substances with a biological activity that are found as pollutants in the natural environment.
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The method presented uses mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to establish the metabolic profile of S. alba leaves when exposed to xenobiotics. Using a non-targeted approach, plant metabolites and xenobiotics of interest are identified and localized in plant tissues to uncover specific distribution patterns. Then, in silico prediction of potential metabolites (i.e., catabolites and conjugates) from the identified xenobiotics is performed. When a xenobiotic metabolite is located in the tissue, the type of enzyme involved in its alteration by the plant is recorded. These results were used to describe different types of biological reactions occurring in S. alba leaves in response to xenobiotic accumulation in the leaves. The metabolites were predicted in two generations, allowing the documentation of successive biological reactions to transform xenobiotics in the leaf tissues.
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This chapter identified the fundamental principles of foreign compound (xenobiotic) modification by the body and discusses: how xenobiotics enter, circulate, and leave the body; the sites of metabolism of the xenobiotic within the body; the chemistry and enzymology of xenobiotic metabolism; the bioactivation as well as inactivation of xenobiotics during metabolism; and the variations in xenobiotic metabolism resulting from prior or concomitant exposure to xenobiotics and from physiological factors.
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