Comparative analysis of morphological characteristics of two generations of football players
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Abstract:
Thorough knowledge of anthropological characteristics of athletes that achieve superior results may show which direction one should take during selection and training process. The aim of this research was to perform a comparative analysis of morphological characteristics of two generations of football players. The sample comprised 54 players aged 23.74 years, who are members of FK Vojvodina Novi Sad divided into two groups. The first group consists of 26 players aged 24.57±2,55 years from the season 2004/2005, while the second group of 28 players aged 22.96±2,86 years from the season 2010/2011. Sample measures for the evaluation of morphological characteristics are: height, weight, ideal body weight, muscle and fat component. The first group of players has higher values of body height, ideal body weight and muscle components, and less body weight and significantly lower values of fat component.Keywords:
Football players
Body height
From the perspective of study of economy and administration,this paper points out the inappropriate operation of the football association who directly adjusts the salary of the football players and the main causes of the high salary of the football players in China,ie.,lack of supportive players and the state-owned background of the football clubs.It also suggests that China professional football federation should be established to take charge of the players' salaries.As for the salary management,Salary Cap of NBA is recommended.
Salary
Football players
Football club
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To improve the growth performance of Huanghe carp,we collected data before and after winter respectively and analyzed the development mechanism.The results showed that body weight,body length,body thickness and body height increased through the winter.Body weight had the highest growth rate.In the following were body length,body height,body thickness.When body shape was investigated,body length/body thickness decreased,while no change was found about body length/body height.In addition,3D graph tended to be concentrated and moved forward during the second growth stage.But the 3D picture adversed when body length,body height and body thickness were standardized by body weight.These results illustrated that the major growth traits rise and body shape inclined to be concentrated.The important is that body shape of Huanghe carp tended to gain in width.Such conclusion were also been approved by multiple stepwise regression construction and cluster analysis.
Body height
Body shape
Body proportions
Body segment
Body surface
Lower body
Body water
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Objective To analyse height, weight, body area and body mass index of Dong juniors in Hunan. Methods We measured the height and the weight of Dong students (male 486, female 496, from 7 to 17 years old), and calculated their body area and body mass index. Then we drew the corresponding curve of them, and compared with students in China. Results Height, weight, body area and body mass index of Dong students in Hunan increased with age, but it's high,speed growth time to boys was in 11～15 years old, and to girls was in 10～14 years old, respectively. There were significant differences for body mass index by sex after 14 years old. For body area, it was larger on girls than on boys in 9 and 14 years old. After 15 years old, the gap of body area got clearer and clearer by sex, it was larger on boys than on girls. Conclusion The development of height, weight, body area and body mass index of Dong juniors in Hunan are worse than that of students in China.
Body height
Body surface area
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Data on body weight and linear body measurements (LBMs) namely ear length (EL), body width (BW), body length (BL), Head to shoulder (HS), Shoulder to tail (ST) and length of leg (LL) of 363 progeny of locally adapted Dutch , New Zealand White and crossbred rabbits at 3,6,9 and 12 weeks of age were analyzed to obtain phenotypic correlations between the various traits and prediction equations for body weight, using different linear body measurements. There were high and positive correlations between each of the linear body measurements and body weight and between the LBM themselves. The values ranged between 0.57 and 0.85, 0.34 and 0.89, 0.27 and 0.83 and 0.41 and 0.75 in weeks 3, 6, 9 and 12, respectively. Hence, it was possible to predict body weight of live rabbits from their linear body measurements, as an aid to farmers in areas where sensitive scales are not available. Except in purebred New Zealand White NZWxNZW, body: length (BL) was a good predictor of 3- week body weight (IBW) in all breed groups. Body width (BW) and BL only were good predictors of 6-week body weight in all breed groups. For predicting 9- week body weight, shoulder to tail drop (ST) was important in all breed groups in addition to either BW, ear length (EL) or body length (BL). ST and BW were important predictors of 12-week body weight generally in all breed groups.
Purebred
Body height
Lower body
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To study and trace the standard growth curve of body height and weight of adolescent in Shenzhen area for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.Based on the general assessment data of 21,120 students (7-18 years) in Shenzhen, the body height and weight were measured and the standard curve of body height and weight was drawn.Under 12 years, the annual increment of body height and weight was similar for both sexes. Above 12 years, the annual body height and weight increment of girls was slower than that of boys. The annual body weight increment peak was between 11-12 years for girls and 13 years for boys.The standard growth curve of body height and weight plays an important role in the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
Body height
Growth curve (statistics)
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Body height
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Objective:To study and trace the standard growth curve of body height and weight of adolescent n ZhaoQing area for oruhdontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Method:Based on the general assessment data of 19 968 students(7-18 years) in ZhaoQing, the body height were measured and the standard curve of body height and weight was drawn.Result: Under 12 years ,the annual increment of body height and weght was similar for both sexes. Above 12 year, the annual body height and weight increment of girls was slower than that of boys.The annual body weight increment peak was between 11-12 years for girls and 13 years for boys.Conclusion:the standard growth curve of body height and weight plays an impotant role in the orthodontics diagnosis and treatment planning.
Body height
Growth curve (statistics)
Body proportions
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Abstract The objective of this study was to estimate body weight of Morkaraman sheeps from body measurements with nonlinear models. Selected 110 sheeps 3-5 years were scored for body weight, body length, height at wither, chest width and pump width. For determine relationships with body weight between body measurements, correlation analysis was performed. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that the highest relationship according to the all sample sizes were body weight between body length (0.95, 0.90, 0.83, 0.81). Considering all parameters included in the model, the parameter showing the highest correlation with body weight was determined as body length according to all sample sizes. the highest correlation was found in 50 sample sizes (r:0.95). According to the small sample sizes (10-20), Logistic and Saturation growth models can be used to determine the body weight by using body length, on the other hand, Incomplete gamma model is more succesful to estimate body weight when sample size is nearly 30 and 50.
Body height
Sample (material)
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The phenotype correlation between body size and body weight,the direct and indirect effect of body size on body weight of Henan's large-tail sheep were analyzed with SAS software,and the optimum regression equation was established subsequently.The results indicated that body weight and chest girth were the major body size factors affecting the body weight of Henan's large-tail sheep.Therefore,besides body weight selection,the body height and chest girth selection should be strengtheaed at the same time.
Girth (graph theory)
Body height
Lower body
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The rapid development in football today,in order to improve the accuracy of the Foul on age and physical football referee put a higher demand,it follows the basic principle of exercise training,to meet the needs of modern football competition.
Football players
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