Similar Antibody Levels in 3-Year-Old Children Vaccinated Against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella at the Age of 12 Months or 18 Months
Mia KontioArto A. PalmuRitva SyrjänenMika LahdenkariEsa RuokokoskiIrja DavidkinOuti VaaralaMerit Melin
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Background. Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccinations have been offered to Finnish children at 14–18 months and 6 years of age. In May 2011, the recommended age for the first vaccine dose was lowered to 12 months because of the European measles epidemic.Keywords:
MMR vaccine
Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
Avidity
Mumps virus
Rubella virus
The purpose of this work was to assess the association between media coverage of the MMR-autism controversy and MMR immunization in the United States.The public-use files of the National Immunization Survey were used to estimate annual MMR coverage from 1995 to 2004. The primary outcome was selective measles-mumps-rubella nonreceipt, that is, those children who received all childhood immunizations except MMR. Media coverage was measured by using LexisNexis, a comprehensive database of national and local news media. Factors associated with MMR nonreceipt were identified by using a logistic regression model.Selective MMR nonreceipt, occurring in as few as 0.77% of children in the 1995 cohort, rose to 2.1% in the 2000 National Immunization Survey. Children included in the 2000 National Immunization Survey were born when the putative link between MMR and autism surfaced in the medical literature but before any significant media attention occurred. Selective nonreceipt was more prevalent in private practices and unrelated to family characteristics. MMR nonreceipt returned to baseline before sustained media coverage of the MMR-autism story began.There was a significant increase in selective MMR nonreceipt that was temporally associated with the publication of the original scientific literature, suggesting a link between MMR and autism, which preceded media coverage of the MMR-autism controversy. This finding suggests a limited influence of mainstream media on MMR immunization in the United States.
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M-M-RTM II (MMRII; Merck & Co) is currently the only measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine licensed in the United States. Another licensed vaccine would reinforce MMR supply. This study assessed the immunogenicity of a candidate vaccine ( PriorixTM , GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines [MMR-RIT]) when used as a first dose among eligible children in the United States. In this exploratory Phase-2, multicenter, observer-blind study, 1220 healthy subjects aged 12–15 months were randomized (3:3:3:3) and received 1 dose of 1 of 3 MMR-RIT lots with differing mumps virus titers (MMR-RIT-1 [4.8 log 10 ]; MMR-RIT-2 [4.1 log 10 ]; MMR-RIT-3 [3.7 log 10 ] CCID50) or MMRII co-administered with hepatitis A vaccine (HAV), varicella vaccine (VAR) and 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). Immune response to measles, mumps, and rubella viruses was evaluated at Day 42 post-vaccination. Incidence of solicited injection site, general, and serious adverse events was assessed. Seroresponse rates for MMR vaccine viral components in MMR-RIT lots were 98.3–99.2% (measles), 89.7–90.7% (mumps), and 97.5–98.8% (rubella), and for MMRII were 99.6%, 91.1%, and 100%, respectively. Immune responses to HAV, VAR, and PCV7 were similar when co-administered with any of the 3 MMR-RIT lots or MMRII. There were no apparent differences in solicited or serious adverse events among the 4 groups. Immune responses were above threshold levels for projected protection against the 3 viruses from MMR-RIT lots with differing mumps virus titers. MMR-RIT had an acceptable safety profile when co-administered with HAV, VAR, and PCV7. NCT00861744; etrack ; 111870
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MMR vaccine is a controversial topic of public debate. The controversies include such issues as autism, adjuvants or ethical questions related to the culturing of the rubella virus on human cell lines.The objective was to characterise the public debate on MMR vaccination on the Polish Internet between January 2018 and June 2020.Quantitative and qualitative analysis of Polish-language online content between 1 January 2018 and 30 June 2020 related to MMR vaccination. The quantitative analysis comprised all available mentions of MMR vaccination in postings (n=14,632), while qualitative analysis relied on a systematic sample of 819 mentions.Quantitative study: 79.6% of MMR vaccine-related postings were published on Facebook, 6.9% on Twitter, and the remaining 14.6% appeared on other websites. There were two surges in posting count in November 2018 and March 2019. Qualitative study: 48% of postings expressed anti-vaccination sentiment, 33% were pro-vaccination and 19% were neutral.The social media play a significant role in the dissemination of untrue medical claims regarding MMR vaccination. A substantial part of the discussion about MMR vaccination in Poland takes place on Facebook. Despite the general availability of research results stating the absence of a link between autism and vaccination, this is an ongoing most frequent topics in the MMR debate. At the same time, more postings on that topic expressed pro-vaccination rather than anti-vaccination sentiment.
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Mumps virus (MuV) causes a highly contagious human disease characterized by the enlargement of the parotid glands. In severe cases, mumps can lead to neurological complications such as aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Vaccination with the attenuated Jeryl Lynn (JL) MuV vaccine has dramatically reduced the incidence of MuV infection. Recently, large outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. The vaccine strain JL was generated from genotype A, while most current circulating strains belong to genotype G. In this study, we examined the immunogenicity and longevity of genotype G-based vaccines. We found that our recombinant genotype G-based vaccines provide robust neutralizing titers toward genotype G for up to 1 year in mice. In addition, we demonstrated that a third dose of a genotype G-based vaccine following two doses of JL immunization significantly increases neutralizing titers toward the genotype G strain. Our data suggest that after two doses of JL vaccination, which most people have received, a third dose of a genotype G-based vaccine can generate immunity against a genotype G strain. IMPORTANCE At present, most individuals have received two doses of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, which contains genotype A mumps vaccine. One hurdle in developing a new mumps vaccine against circulating genotype G virus is whether the new genotype G vaccine can generate immunity in humans that are immunized against genotype A virus. This work demonstrates that a novel genotype G-based vaccine can be effective in animals which received two doses of genotype A-based vaccine, suggesting that the lead genotype G vaccine may induce anti-G immunity in humans who have received two doses of the current vaccine, providing support for testing this vaccine in humans.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the proposed link between the administration of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the development of autism. DATA SOURCES: A literature search utilizing MEDLINE (1966–November 2003), with the key terms measles, mumps, rubella, and autism, was conducted. Review of the references listed in the articles identified was also performed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Ten articles that specifically evaluated the possible relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism were identified. Review articles, commentaries, and evaluations of a link between gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic children and MMR immunization were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Based upon the current literature, it appears that there is no relationship between MMR vaccination and the development of autism.
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Measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination has decreased the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella virus infections in several countries. However, the persistence of MMR vaccine-induced immunity in the absence of endemic infection has remained unknown.The persistence of cellular and humoral immunity to mumps virus was studied in 50 individuals (group A) who had been vaccinated twice with MMR vaccine during early childhood and were followed up for 21 years after their first vaccination. Eleven individuals (group B) with naturally acquired immunity to mumps virus were studied for comparison.Anti-mumps virus IgG antibodies were detectable (titer > or = 230) in 72% of the vaccinees. A mumps antigen-specific lymphoproliferative response (defined as a stimulatory index [SI] > or = 3) was observed in 98% of group A subjects (mean+/-SD SI, 26+/-30 [range, 0.5-252]) and in 100% of group B subjects (mean+/-SD SI, 22+/-27 [range, 5-123]). Significant mumps antigen-specific interferon- gamma production was detected in 73% of subjects in both groups A and B, and interleukin-10 production was detected in 40% and 36% of group A and B subjects, respectively.All presently seronegative vaccinees (n=14) had mumps antigen-specific lymphoproliferative responses, and only 1 of the seropositive vaccinees (n=36) was devoid of detectable cellular immunity. The results suggest a very long persistence of vaccine-induced anti-mumps virus cellular immunity.
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Following the clinical diagnosis of the first case of mumps on September 22, 2006 at the University of Virginia (UVA), 52 suspected cases were identified through active surveillance for mumps by the end of December 2006. Samples were collected from 47 students who presented with parotitis despite a documented history of two doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Six of 47 serum samples (13%) were positive for mumps IgM, and 46/47 specimens were positive for mumps IgG. Endpoint titration of acute phase serum samples from laboratory-confirmed cases did not provide evidence that elevated serum IgG is a consistent marker for infection among cases due to secondary vaccine failure. Buccal swab samples from 39 of the 47 students were tested by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or viral culture. Mumps virus or mumps RNA was detected in 12 of 39 buccal samples (31%). Genetic analysis of the virus from the outbreak at UVA indicated that the outbreak was not linked to the large mumps outbreak in the Midwestern US that occurred earlier in 2006. Our findings support the use of viral detection to improve laboratory diagnosis of mumps among persons who have received two doses of MMR.
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