TsMIP6 enhances the tolerance of transgenic rice to salt stress and interacts with target proteins
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Genetically modified rice
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Heterologous expression
The concentration of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the root and aboveground organs of three halophyte species (Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima and Salsola soda) as well as in the soil where they grew from maritime and inland saline areas were investigated. The aim of our research was to evaluate the capability of some halophyte species to absorb different cations and to find if there exists differentiation of salt accumulation between populations from inland and maritime saline areas. In five analyzed localities (Tivatska solila, Ulcinj salina, Slano Kopovo, Melenci, Okanj), external Na+ concentrations exceeded other investigated cations. Our investigated halophytes accumulate more Na+ than the Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ and more cations were recorded in aboveground organs than in the root. Populations from maritime saline area generally had higher cation concentrations than plants from inland saline area.
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Water Transport
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WATER BALANCE IN TELEOST FISH IS MAINTAINED WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MAJOR OSMOREGULATORY ORGANS: intestine, gills, and kidney. Overall water fluxes have been studied in all of these organs but not until recently has it become possible to approach the mechanisms of water transport at the molecular level. This mini-review addresses the role of the kidney in osmoregulation with special emphasis on euryhaline teleosts. After a short review of current knowledge of renal functional morphology and regulation, we turn the focus to recent molecular investigations of the role of aquaporins in water and solute transport in the teleost kidney. We conclude that there is much to be achieved in understanding water transport and its regulation in the teleost kidney and that effort should be put into systematic mapping of aquaporins to their tubular as well as cellular localization.
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A b s t r a c t . Aquaporins are membrane water channels that play fundamental roles in controlling the water contents of cells. An increasing number of aq uaporins has been identified on both the vacuolar (tonoplast) and plasma membranes of plant cells. Di rect or indirect regulation of aquaporin activity appears to be a mechanism by which plants can control cellular and tissue water movement and adapt to a constantly changing environment. Recent studies h ave concentrated on the explanation of this mechanism. This paper reports a study, which tends towards recognition of aquaporins role in water flo w during pea seeds germination in osmotic stress cond itions. It has been observed that the water uptake decreases in the presence of HgCl 2, in the germinating medium. That indicates the aqu aporins participation in the effect observed because mercur ic chloride is known as an inhibitor of water chann els. For the seeds germinating in the stress conditions the uptake/loss of water has been found not to be affected by the presence of HgCl 2. This result is consistent with the model proposed earlier for cytosolic osmoregulation of water transport activity by aquap orins phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. K e y w o r d s : membranes, aquaporins (water channels), germination, pea seeds, osmoregulation
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Abstract Plant growth and development are dependent on tight regulation of water movement. Water diffusion across cell membranes is facilitated by aquaporins that provide plants with the means to rapidly and reversibly modify water permeability. This is done by changing aquaporin density and activity in the membrane, including posttranslational modifications and protein interaction that act on their trafficking and gating. At the whole organ level aquaporins modify water conductance and gradients at key “gatekeeper” cell layers that impact on whole plant water flow and plant water potential. In this way they may act in concert with stomatal regulation to determine the degree of isohydry/anisohydry. Molecular, physiological, and biophysical approaches have demonstrated that variations in root and leaf hydraulic conductivity can be accounted for by aquaporins but this must be integrated with anatomical considerations. This Update integrates these data and emphasizes the central role played by aquaporins in regulating plant water relations.
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Halophytes dominate the plant community in saline soils. Here, osmoregulation via the accumulation of osmolytes is the basic strategy by which plants survive salinity stress. We investigated the accumulation of inorganic and organic osmolytes in the leaves of five halophytes (Tamarix hispida, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Kalidium foliatum, Karelinia caspica, and Phragmites australis) growing in the dry lakebed of Aiding Lake, Xinjiang, China. The succulent euhalophytes (H. strobilaceum and K. foliatum) accumulated large amounts of Na+, whereas other species had low Na+ concentrations. P. australis contained high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, and amino acids, such as proline and alanine. K. caspica accumulated large quantities of mannitol. H. strobilaceum and K. foliatum had high glycine betaine contents. Only T. hispida accumulated γ-butyro betaine, which was found in high concentrations. Our findings indicate that at least four types of osmolytes (carbohydrates, polyols, amino acids, and betaines) function either alone, or in combination in the osmoregulation of these halophytes.
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The adaptation of a halophyte, Suaeda japonica, in a saline environment was surveyed by analysing the cellular components, such as the major inorganic and organic constituents, as well as glycine betaine between halophytic and non-halophytic plants grown along the seashore of Ariake Sea. In contrast to non-halophytes, a remarkable accumulation of salt in leaf cells of halophytes, Suaeda and Artemisia, was accompanied by the accumulation of a compatible solute, glycine betaine. In a culture experiment under saline conditions, glycine betaine looked to be most effectively induced in the concentration of salt of around 250 mM NaCl.
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