[Effect of praziquantel on ATP uptake and metabolism of Schistosoma japonicum (author's transl)].
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When Schistosoma japonicum was exposed to culture medium containing [3H]ATP and praziquantel 0.1, 1 or 10μg/ml for 1—4 h, the [3H]ATP uptake decreased significantly in male worms, but not in females. If male schistosomes were exposed to praziquantel 1 or 10μg/ml for 1—4 h and then transferred to drug-free culture medium, the [3H]ATP uptake recovered to normal only in lower drug concentration group. The [3H]ATP uptake of male worms markedly decreased 1 h after intragastric gavage of praziquantel100 mg/kg to infected mice and recovered to normal 4 h later. However, [3H]ATP uptake of male worms was steadily inhibited 24 h after 300 mg/kg to infected mice. No effect on [3H]ATP uptake of female worms was seen.
Praziquantel promoted the transformation of [3H]ATP uptaken by male worms to [3H]AMP, while the incorporation of [3H]ATP to RNA of male worms was markedly inhibited. No apparent changes were observed in female worms.Cite
Schistosomiasis infects 261 million people in 78 countries with 600 million people at risk of infection. Schistosomiasis in Indonesia is due to blood trematode Schistosoma japonicum and Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis snail as intermediate host .Schistosomiasis control is conducted by the management of environment as well as treatment with praziquantel. The long periode and continously drug use may result in drug resistance. Based on these, vaccines against schistosomiasis, as schistosomiasis control strategies in the future, is needed. This review was aimed to describe some of the vaccine candidates against S. japonicum with their level of efficacy, which composed by many schistosomiasis vaccine-related scientific literature. Schistosomiasis vaccine candidate proteins showed varying levels of efficacy and no one has the most potential. Although the development of vaccines against schistosomiasis is quite difficult, the research must still be continued
Oncomelania hupensis
Schistosoma
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The parasite blood flukes belonging to the genus Schistosoma cause schistosomiasis. Among the Schistosoma species that infect humans, three stand out: Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum), which occurs in Asia, mainly in China and the Philippines; Schistosoma haematobium (S. haematobium), which occurs in Africa; and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni), which occurs in Africa and South America and the center of Venezuela (Brazil). Research has shown that these species comprise strains that are resistant to Praziquantel (PZQ), the only drug of choice to fight the disease. Moreover, patients can be reinfected even after being treated with PZQ , and this drug does not act against young forms of the parasite. Therefore, several research groups have focused their studies on new molecules for disease treatment and vaccine development. This chapter will focus on (i) parasite resistance to PZQ , (ii) molecules that are currently being developed and tested as possible drugs against schistosomiasis, and (iii) candidates for vaccine development with a primary focus on clinical trials.
Schistosoma
Parasitic Disease
Tropical disease
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Schistosoma
SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA
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Schistosomiasis or bilharziasis is a disease caused by Schistosoma. When infecting men the most common parasites are Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium. The Schistosoma mansoni is the only endemic parasite in Brazil. We present a case of testicular schistosomiasis simulating malignancy. The case was treated successfully by excisional biopsy and praziquantel therapy. A review of the literature is discussed.
Schistosoma
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Tropical disease
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Human schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by blood-worms that infect multiple organs, including the liver, intestine, bladder, and urethra. The life cycle of these parasites involves two hosts: snails and mammals. Five species can infect humans. The three most common are Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma japonicum, and Schistosoma mansoni. Praziquantel, vaccines, and gene therapy are important strategies for eliminating schistosomiasis.
Schistosoma
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Freshwater mollusc
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Abstract : A solution of absolute ethanol containing varying concentrations of the test compound, Niclosamide, was applied to the abdomen of hamsters at either 2 or 7 days prior to exposure to cercariae of either Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium or S. japonicum. Treated animals were examined for presence or absence of schistosomes 49 days after exposure for S. mansoni and S. japonicum and 90 days for S. haematobium. Hamsters treated at 2 days prior to exposure to any of these schistosomes were completely protected against cercarial envasion of their skin. Only partial protection was found in animals treated at 7 days prior to cercarial exposure. Male and female worms were found in nearly all animals not completely protected.
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Schistosomiasis is a debilitating disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. Three members Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, and Schistosoma japonicum are responsible for the great majority of human infections. Schistosomiasis is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, several countries of the Middle East, South America, and South-East Asia. Vaccination against the infection would be the most reliable way to combat the infection and decrease or interrupt its transmission, but a commercial vaccine is still unavailable. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug considered for schistosomiasis treatment as it is effective against the major human schistosomes, commercially available, cost-affordable, and elicits limited side-effects. Several reports documented the highly significant PZQ efficacy in treatment of light infections in areas of low S. mansoni and S. haematobium endemicity and PZQ use. Chemotherapy with PZQ alone of patients residing in regions of high schistosome endemicity and afflicted with light, moderate, or heavy infection is not efficacious. Accordingly, we propose implementation of cost-affordable arachidonic acid (ARA), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and efficacious in vitro and in vivo schistosomicide, for oral therapy of children with Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium light infection, as adjunct to PZQ for cure of children with moderate and heavy infections, and for counteracting schistosome resistance to PZQ that arises in endemic areas exposed to repeated and intense PZQ mass treatment campaigns.
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Currently schistosomiasis transmission has been suppressed to low levels in many historically endemic areas of China by widespread use of praziquantel in human and bovine populations and application of niclosamide for snail control. However, re-emergent transmission has signalled the need for sustainable interventions beyond these repeated chemical interventions. To take advantage of ongoing investment in rural infrastructure, an index of schistosomiasis transmission potential is needed to identify villages where environmental modifications would be particularly effective. Based on a retrospective analysis of data from 10 villages in Sichuan Province, an index linked to the basic reproductive number is shown to have promise in meeting this need. However, a lack of methods for estimating the spatial components of the proposed metric and for estimating the import of cercariae and miracidia from neighbouring villages leads to significant uncertainty in its estimation. These findings suggest a priority effort to develop methods for measuring the free-swimming forms of the parasite in surface waters. This need is underscored by the high cost and limited sensitivity of current methods for diagnosing human infection and mounting evidence of the inadequacy of snail surveys to identify environments supporting low levels of transmission.
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Schistosoma
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To investigate the spray of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on prevention of bovine schistosomiasis in the field so as to provide a technical support for the improvement of schistosomiasis control strategy.A total of 160 buffalo were selected as experimental objects marked by ear-mark numbers. All the buffalo were administered with praziquantel and then randomly divided into 3 groups, which were sprayed with niclosamide ethanolamine salt (500 ml per head) every 15 d (Group A), every 30 d (Group B) and an agent without niclosamide ethanolamine salt every 15 d (Group C as the control), respectively. The buffalo's droppings were collected to examine the eggs of schistosome every 30 days during the trial.Ninety days after the spraying, the prevalence rates of schistosomiasis were 4.00%, 4.08%, and 24.49% in the Group A, Group B, and Group C, respectively. Compared with the control group (Group C), the decline prevalence rates of schistosomiasis were 83.67% and 83.34% in the Group A and Group B, respectively.The buffalo spraying with 1% niclosamide ethanolamine salt can reduce schistosomiasis prevalence in bovine, that is this intervention has an obvious protective effect.
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