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    Since the early 1960s, Turkish nationals have immigrated to the European Union in large numbers. Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium have the highest Turkish populations in the European Union and have managed differing models of incorporation. A number of motivating factors have contributed to the unflagging numbers of Turks such as the implementation of guest-worker programs, the reunification of families, and microstructures within migratory chains. Though the likelihood of Turkey gaining membership to the European Union has dimmed as of late, the mere possibility of its joining warrants the analysis of Turkish immigration to the EU, as it could shed light on the social and economic changes that could occur with Turkish membership to the EU. This analytical paper will detail the impacts of the varying methods of incorporation employed by the receiving countries and examine the historical patterns and impacts of Turkish immigration in the European Union.
    Family reunification
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    The developments in the technological areas like automotive industry, computation, communication and media sectors accelerate the percentage of the borrowings that enter into Turkish from foreign languages, especially from English. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the attitude of the young Turkish people towards the borrowings that enter in their native language through such novelties. It also tried to analyze the success and acceptance of the Turkish words that have been produced to replace such borrowings. The findings of the study revealed that young Turkish people mainly prefer to use the borrowed words rather than their Turkish counterparts. It was observed that majority of the target borrowed items could not be replaced with Turkish counterparts yet. The reason for this situation might be that such usages are viewed as more prestigious by the young Turkish people. Besides, the Turkish words that are produced to replace the borrowings seem not to be introduced to young people adequately.
    Turkish economy
    Abstract Historically circumstances that represent an extreme of the human condition attract the attention of those who record contemporary events. Perhaps one of the strongest influences on retrospectives is the achievement of excellence. Excellence is admired and hated, sought and avoided, and in a true sense rarely achieved. Excellence requires performing at the outer limit of physical, emotional and mental capacities. And even then for some this level of effort expenditure may not be enough to produce excellence. While many rationalize excellence as purely endowed or distort the concept with self-serving labels, Shin'chi Suzuki's work on developing excellence with “common” people demonstrates the various elements necessary for the opportunity to achieve excellence. Suzuki's work will be reviewed along with the profiles of selected world achievers. The prerequisites for the pursuit of excellence will be formulated and suggested along with a discussion of how the demands of achieving excellence often exceed the will to excel.
    Excellence
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    Since the 1960s Germany has seen the arrival of a considerable number of immigrants, mainly from Turkey. The Turkish language, the religion of the Turkish people and other Turkish groups manifest themselves in their naming traditions. The Turkish history, culture and language (also of other groups who speak a Turkish language) is unknown in Germany. The present paper is the beginning of a project of a Turkish dictionary with Turkish names.
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    Proverbs, which are societal phrases expressed by communities by transferring centuries-old life experiences to certain patterns, provide important clues to the philosophy, cultural codes, beliefs, lifestyles, and systems of thought of these communities. These concise quotations, which represent “summaries” of societies, have an important place in the Turkish language. Proverbs are found in almost every source written in the Turkish language, starting from the Orhun inscriptions and reaching elimination. Even the proverbs in the earliest Turkish sources have been transferred from the ancient to the present day and are used daily in variants of the Turkish language. Gagavuz Turkish and Turkey Turkish, which belong to the same written language group of Turkic, are two languages  with cultural and morphological similarities. The religious beliefs of the Gagavuz, who are referred to as the “Christian Turkish community” in the sources, and some of the experiences brought by their religions are separated, while many common characteristics of the Anatolian Turkish community are reflected in their lifestyle, traditions, and customs. Among these cultural elements, proverbs feed and develop from the same source. In this study, Gagavuz Turkish, one of the Oguz group’s written languages, and proverbs in Turkey Turkish are compared with regard to the subject of women and family. This study aims to include as many prominent proverbs as possible under the heading of “women and family life”. The proverbs in these two languages are compared semantically to examine the importance of the family in Turkish society, specifically the role of the man, the place of the child in the family and brotherhood, and the family proposition and progeny. The similarities or differences in the proverbs from the two language variants are described by providing examples that reveal the existence of women and family life in these communities. 

    The aim of this study was to determine Turkish trainee teachers' epistemological beliefs and to examine them with respect to some variables. The study group was composed of 331 Turkish trainee teachers studying at Dumupınar University Education Faculty. Data were collected using the Turkish version of the Epistemological Beliefs Questionnaire (Deryakulu & Büyüköztürk, 2002, 2005; Schommer, 1990). It was found that trainee teachers' beliefs that learning depends on effort rather than ability were sophisticated compared to their other beliefs; while the belief that there is only one unchanging truth was naïve compared to their other beliefs. Turkish trainee teachers' epistemological beliefs differed significantly in terms of gender. That is, female students believed more than did males that learning depends on effort rather than ability.
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    The aim of this paper is to describe ideas that students learning Turkish in Lithuania have about Turkish culture and Turkish people. A descriptive method was used in the research. The data for the research was collected from 15 students who learn Turkish at Vilnius University in Vilnius, Lithuania. For the participating in the research students, “An Emotional Meaning Scale about Turkish Culture and Turkish People” was used. The students were asked to identify positive and negative attributes connected with Turkish culture and Turkish people. The data was grouped according to frequency (f) values and interpreted accordingly. The research revealed that the students evaluate Turkish culture and Turkish people positively and that the positive ideas belong to a high level. Keywords: Teaching Turkish to foreigners, Lithuania, Turkish culture, Turkish people.
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