Effect of Feeding Leucaena Leucocephala in Combination with Hybrid Napier on Growth and Nutrient Utilisation in Crossbred Calves
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A growth experiment for 100 d was conducted on 12 Hariana x Holstein calves (88 kg) randomly divided into 2 equal groups and fed on dry grass + 1 kg concentrate mixture (group 1) and a 1 :1 mixture of green NB21 and Leucaena forage (group 2). The average body weight gains were higher (430 g/d) in group 1 than in group 2 (260 g/d). However, the results of metabolism trial conducted at the end of 1 month feeding indicated that the digestibilities of DM, OM, NFE, ADF and cell contents were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1. Both, DCP and TDN were higher in group 2 (7.31%, 57.07%) than in group 1 (6.30%, 50.77%). It was also observed that after 2 months of feeding, all the calves in Leucaena fed group exhibited ulcers in the tongue and buccal cavity with blood oozing out. The results thus indicated that the proportion of hybrid Napier used in the mixed fodder could not ameliorate the ill effects of Leucaena fodder in growing calves.Keywords:
Leucaena
Fodder
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Three mixed forest grass (Themeda quadrivalvis, Dichanthium aristatum and Dichanthium annulatum) based rations were evaluated in the diet of crossbred female calves. Eighteen crossbred female calves (body weight, 66.44±0.51 kg) were divided into three equal groups and fed in the form of conventional feeding system (mixed forest grass and concentrate mixture separately, T1), total mixed ration (TMR, T2) or pelleted ration (T3) for a period of 45 days including a digestion trial of 7 days. DM, protein and energy intake as well as digestibility of OM, CF and NFE were higher (P<0.05) when ration was provided either pelleted or TMR form as compared to conventional feeding system. The improvement (P<0.05) in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract in pelleted form was higher (P<0.05) to that of TMR and the digestibility in TMR was also remained higher (P<0.05) to their conventional counterpart. Pelleting of ration also showed improvement (P<0.05) in the growth rate of crossbred calves as compared to calves fed either conventional or TMR diets. The cost of feeding/kg body weight gain remained comparable among the three groups. It may be concluded that pelleting is a practical method of densification and is useful for nutritional improvement of a diet.
Total mixed ration
Digestion
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Four lactating crossbred (Jersey & Local) cows were randomly distributed into4 groups in an experiment based on latin square design comprising of 4 periods of 5 weeks each in which 2 weeks were adaptation period. Group J (Control) were stall fed on paddy straw, thin napier grass and concentrate as per their requirements. Other groups were on grazing for 6 h/d besides providing paddy straw and concentrate supplementation at the rate of 1, 2 and 3 kg in group II (T1), III (T2) and IV (T3), respectively. Straw intake was 3.10, 2.99, 3.04 and 2.35 kg/d; forage/pasture intake was 0.95, 5.01, 4.04 and 3.15 kg/d and total DMI was 8.05, 9.00, 9.08 and 8.50 kg/d in control, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Both straw and pasture consumption were significantly (P<0.01) reduced in group T3. Total DMI was higher (P<0.01) in groups T1 and T2 than in control and T3. Grazing tame was 263 min., in groups T1, which was reduced with increased level of concentrate, however, bite size and bitting rates remained similar among the groups. OM digestibility was 66.76, 68.09, 71.86 and 66.26 percent In control, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively and the variation among groups was significant (P<0.01). Daily milk yield was 5.85, 5.05, 7.08 and 6.50 kg in control, T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively and the difference was significant (P<0.01). This indicated that 2 kg concentrate supplementation could be optimum for cows producing 7 kg milk/d grazing on native pasture of Tripura.
Latin square
Rice straw
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Ten crossbred (Gir/Rathi X Red Dane) heifers (13-20m, 80-170 kg) were divided into tw o equal groups and fed ad libitum for a period of 6o d on hill dry grass (control) and grass treated with 4% urea-ammonia, at 50% moisture (Experimental). Each heifer was also fed daily 1.0-1.25 kg concentrate mixture. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients of urea treated grass ration were higher than the Control. The TDN values of untreated and urea treated grass rations Mere 47.58 and 53.7 and the DCP values 5.03 and 10.28%, respectively. The DM intake on urea treated grass ration was higher than that of untreated grass ration (P<0.01). Feeding of urea treated grass resulted in higher weight gain as compared to the heifers on the control ration (P<0.01). Feeding of treated grass ration reduced the feeding cost/kg live weight gain of heifers.
Panicum
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Sorghum (Sorghum vufare) and Hybrrd Napier (Pannicum purpurium) were grown under annual and perennial fodder production systems, respectively, and were conserved as silage. The silages were fed to two groups sf crossbred cow along with 1 kg crushed barley grain and berseem. Crude protein contents of the two silages were comparable 535 and 5.39%, respectively. DM, OM, CF, EE and NFE digestibility were significantly higher (P<0.01) in group I than in group 11 possibly due to higher feeding of berseem (77.86 vs 56.97%, 79.24 vs 61.76%, 74.06 vs 50.27%, 78.62 vs 46.67%, 8359 vs 6451% respecttvely) while that of CP was similar 74.61 vs 72.96%. The ration in group I and 11 supplied 11.28% 10.48% DCP and 72.43% 52.58% TDN(on DM basis).
Silage
Fodder
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Ten Marwari male goats (9-10m; 18.88 kg average B. Wt.), divided into two groups of five each and fed concentrate mixture @ 0.5 per cent body weight (G I) and @ 1 per cent body weight (G II) plus dry leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) leaves and barley (Hordeum vulgare) straw mixture (1:1) ad-lib, A metabolism trial was conducted after 40 days preliminary feeding. The ADG (g/d) for the 40 d period was similar in both groups (46,00 vis-a-vis 44.00). Digestibility of EE was lower (P<0.05) in GII (33.91±1.90) than GI (49.47±5.78). Similarly, TDN value (%) of the composite ration was apparently lower (P<0.05) in G II (59.29±0.73) than G I (64.06±1.96). N intake and N out go (g/day) through faeces was higher (P<0,01) in G II (15.09 vis-a-vis5.78) than G I (12.58 vis-a-vis 4.47). It is concluded that Marwari goats fed on Leucaena and barley straw as basal ration need concentrate @ 0.5% of the body weight.
Leucaena
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The effect of supplementation of concentrate mixture (group 1)/Leucaena green foliage (group 2) to provide 75% of CP requirements was studied for 103 d on performance characteristics of 10 crossbred (Ongole X Brown Swiss/Jersey) heifers (1½ - 2 years; 136 kg) on rice straw at 1 % of their body weight and ad libitum of hybrid napier green fodder. Rumen liquor pH and NH3-N were determined in 2 fistulated crossbred bulls in each group. The average daily gain (g) was 492 and 428 and the daily DM intake (kg/100 kg body weight) was 2.73 and 2.61, respectively in group 1 and 2, while the feed efficiencies were 9.06 and 9.58. Similarly no significant differences in the nutrient digestibilities were observed between the two groups. The study tended to show that 4.6 kg Leucaena green foliage was as effective as 1.9 kg of concentrate mixture.
Leucaena
Fodder
Rice straw
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Dry grass (mlxtare of Cenchrus, Sehima, Bicanthium and Heteropogon sp.) was ienslfied at 350 - 400 kg/m3 with 2% urea and 5% molasses keeping 30% moisture and stored for 3 months. Simultaneously, a part of above mixed grass was kept as such. Twelve crossbred (Jersey x Hariana) female calves (16–22 m; 206.2 ±15.35 kg b.wt.) were divided into two groups (G1 & G2) of six each. Calves of group Gi & G2 were fed unprocessed and densifled dry grass, respectively along with a concentrate mixture for 85 days. Addition of urea (2%) increased CP content of dry grass from 3.54 to 4.84%. Average daily intake of DM (4.91 vs 5.08 kg), DCP (428) vs 423 g) and TDN (2.89 vs 2.87 kg) was comparable between the treatment groups. Similarly, there was no significant difference between the groups for digestibility of nntr lents. Average daily gain (ADG) was 296.4 and 269.7 g in groups Gl and G2, respectively which differed non-significantly. The study revealed that above densifled grass can be stored for three months without adversely affecting nutritional value of grass.
Panicum
Cenchrus ciliaris
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The mango-Calapogonium muconoides hortipasture yielded 2.07 ton of dry fodder biomass/ha containing 12.35 and 62.73% of DCP and TDN respectively. Madras red ram lambs were fed in three groups viz., conventional ration containing concentrate mixture and napier-bajra grass in 40:60 ratio (T1), C. muconoides hay alone (T2) and C. muconoides hay and groundnut haulms in 1:1 ratio (T3) for 90 days. The growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency and the digestibility of nutrients were comparable in all the groups except that of CP, which was depressed significantly (P<0.01) in T3. The DCP intake of lambs in T2 was significantly (P<0.01) higher and the TDN intake was comparable in all the groups. It was concluded that C. muconoides hay supplemented with groundnut haulms (1:1) can be fed to growing lambs.
Fodder
Non-invasive ventilation
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Twenty parts of the ration of growing buffalo calves was supplied either by lucerne fodder or subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) hay keeping other parts of the ration constant. The voluntary DM intake was 2.77 and 2.80 kg 100”1 kg body weight in lucerne and subabul fed groups respectively. DCP and TDN contents were 9.6 and 64.3 per cent in lucerne group and 10.0 and 67.4% in subabul group. The average live weight gain of calves were 667 and 638 g day”1 in lucerne and subabul group respectively. Digestibility coefficients of all nutrients were practically similar in both groups. N, Ca and P retentions were positive and similar in two groups. The T4 levels were normal in blood plasma and mimosine retention was 0.075g kg-1 body weight day-1 in subabul fed animals.
Fodder
Leucaena
Mimosine
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Four rations having mustard straw and green oats in the ratio of 50:50 (T1), 60:40 T2, 70:30 (T3) and 80:20 (T4) respectively (on fresh basis) were fed to sixteen crossbred calves (B.wt. 79.00 kg) divided into 4 groups of 4 each in a completely randomized block design for a period of 30 days. At the end of feeding trial a digestibility trial was carried out. The DM, cellulose and lignin increased from T1 to T4. The OM for all treatments was found similar whereas CP content was decreased from T1 to T4. T1 showed lower NDF and ADF values. Intake of different nutrients was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 and lower in T4. ADF and cellulose intake were similar among the treatments. The digestibility of nutrients was also higher in T1 and lower in T4. Intake of DDM, DOM, DCP and TDN was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 and lower in T4, both in terms of g/d and g/kg W0.75. It can be concluded that mustard straw and green oat fodder at 50:50 level is better in terms of composition, intake and digestibility of nutrients in crossbred calves.
Fodder
Completely randomized design
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