Bio-eflicacy of Promising Herbicidal Molecules in Direct Seeded Sprouted Puddled Rice
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Field experiment was conducted under All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project at CSKHPKV Rice Research Station, Malan during 1996 to 2000 to evaluate the bio-efficacy of promising herbicides for weed control in direct seeded sprouted puddled rice. The weed infestation reduced the grain yield of sprouted rice from 24.1 to 43.3% during different years. The mean reduction over five years duration was worked out to be 35.5%. Application of butachlof+safener 50 EC at 1.0 kg ha−1 within three days of sowing remaining statistically at par with anilofos+2, 4-DEE 24+32 EC at 0.40+0.53 kg ha−1 at 10 DAS reduced the accumulation of dry matter by weeds significantly and resulted in higher grain yield. These treatments were as good as two hand weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing.Keywords:
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Field experiment was conducted at CCS HAU College of Agriculture Farm, Kaul, Haryana during kharif 2005 and 2006 to find out effective and viable system of controlling complex flora of weeds in direct seeded rice. Among different herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin at 1.5 kg/ha (PE) and cyhalofop butyl at 90 g/ha controlled Echinocloa very effectively but failed to check Cyperus, whereas pretilachlor+safener at 0.5 kg/ha provided excellent control of Cyperus. The grain yield was almost similar under the treatment of pendimethalin at 1.5 kg/ha fb HW at 30 DAS in all the sowing methods. Under wet seeding methods, pre-emergence application of pretilachlor+safener resulted in significantly higher grain yield of rice, whereas under dry seeding methods higher grain yield was recorded in the treatment of pre-emergence application of pendimethalin.
Pendimethalin
Kharif crop
Cyperus
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A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive kharif seasons of 2003 and 2004 at Kanpur to assess the relative efficacy of herbicides under varying water management practices in direct-seeded puddled rice (Oryza sativa L.). Results revealed that anilofos (0.45 kg/ha) reduced density of Cyperus iria and Echlnochloa colona by 76.2 and 58.7% at 30 days after sowing (DAS), and 61.8 and 57.3% at 90 DAS, respectively, resulting in 50.6% increase in grain yield over untreated. Butachlor (1.5 kg/ha) controlled grasses appreciably but was less effective against broad-leaved weeds and sedges at 30 and 90 days after sowing. Metsulfuron-methyl + chlorimuron-ethyl (4 g/ha) provided excellent control of broad-leaved weeds. Further, Anilofos (0.45 kg/ha) applied at 7 DAS reduced weed dry-matter accumulation significantly which obtained 52 and 55% weed control efficiency during both the stages, resulting in enhanced yield attributes viz., effective panicles/m2 (60.9/m2), panicle length (2.79 cm), grains/panicle (12.86), 1000-grain weight (2.86 g) and finally grain yield (1.12 tonnes/ha) over that of untreated. Spraying of herbicides in presence of standing water proved to be optimum condition for Intended weed control during both the years of study.
Kharif crop
Panicle
Butachlor
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A field experiment was conducted at N. D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad during kharif seasons of 1997 and 1998 to assess the effect of crop establishment methods, weed management and splitting of N on rice and associated weeds. Results revealed that transplanting method of rice establishment recorded lowest number of weed flora and weed dry weight while recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield. Application of anilofos at 0.4 kg ha−1 + hand weeding (once) at tillering stage controlled the associated weeds effectively and hence significantly increased the yield of rice and decreased the dry weight of weeds over anilofos applied alone at 0.4 kg ha−1. Split application of N 1/2 as basal1/2 tillering+1/4 panicle initiation stage recorded significantly higher yield of rice and lowest dry weight of associated weeds. Highest weed dry matter production 90.8 g m−2 was significantly recorded under dry seeding with anilofos 0.4 kg ha−1 and splitting of N 1/2 as basal+'A tillering+1/2 panicle initiation stage over rest of the treatment combinations.
Kharif crop
Panicle
Transplanting
Dry weight
Test weight
Non-invasive ventilation
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The experiment was conducted at CCSHAU Rice Research Station, Kaul during rainy seasons of 1992 and 1993 in which weed free 1reatment recorded significantly higher grain yield during both the years except pretilachlor 0.75 kg/ha during first year. Anilofos 0.40 kg/ha alone and in combination with 2,4-D Na salt, anilofos+2,4-DEE at higher dose, butachlor 1.5 kg/ha and handweeding twice proved as effective as pretilachlor in respect of grain yield, panicle weight and panicleslm2 during both the years. Significant reduction in weed dry weight was recorded with these treatmen1s.
Butachlor
Panicle
Dry weight
Non-invasive ventilation
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Field studies were conducted at the Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during rainy season of 1981 and 1982. Preemergence application of thiobencarb or pendimethalin followed by one hand weeding 30 days after sowing (DAS) reduced the density and dry matter production of weeds better than when these herbicides were used alone. Hand weeding and hand hoeing 15 and 30 DAS proved more effective in controll-ing weeds and resulted in higher grain yields as compared to the use of wheel hoe. Herbicide application when supplemented with one hand weeding 30 DAS resulted in higher yields of rice than when herbicides were applied alone.
Pendimethalin
Non-invasive ventilation
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A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during winter (rabi) seasons of 1998–99 and 1999–2000, to study the effect of integrated weed-management practices on weed control and yield of wet-seeded rice. Glyphosate (1.5 kg a.i./ha) was applied at pre-sowing stage alone or in combination with pre-emergence application of pretilachlor +Safener (0.4 kg a.i./ha) and early post-emergence application of butanil (3 litres/ha) along with manual weeding. It was compared with weed-free check and unweeded control. All the weed-management practices significantly reduced the weed density of grasses, sedges and broad-leaf weeds, resulting in their reduced dry weight. Pre-sowing application of glyphosate (1.5 kg a.i./ha) effectively reduced the sedges, when combined with pre-emergence application of pretilachlor + Safner (0.4 a.i./ha) followed by two hand-weedings at 25 and 45 days after sowing. These recorded lesser weed density, dry weight and higher weed-control efficiency, resulting in higher grain yield (58.73 q/ha). Bioassay showed no residual effect of the herbicides applied to rice (Oryza sativa L.) on the stand of succeeding crop of blackgram [Phaseolus mungo (L.) Wilczek].
Dry weight
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Three sowing dates viz.05 June, 20 June and 05 July and five weed management practices viz. pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha−1(PE), pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha−1 + anilophos 0.4 kg ha−1(PE), fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 0.06 kg ha−1(15 DAS) followed by 2,4-D 0.5 kg ha−1 (30 DAS), anilophos 0.4 kg ha−1 (10 DAS) and two hand weedings (20 and 40 DAS) with weed free and weedy check treatments were evaluated in direct seeded unpuddled rice at crop research centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, during kharif season of 2006 and 2007. Highest grain yield (2488.5 kg ha−1 during 2006 and 2703.3 kg ha−1 during 2007) was recorded from 20 June sown rice crop which was significantly higher over rest two dates of sowing (05 June and 05 July) in both the years. All weed control treatments caused significantly higher grain yield over non-weeded control in both the years. The grain yield was highest in mechanical two weedings at 20 and 40 DAS (3324.2 kg ha−1 during 2006 and 3436.6 kg ha−1 during 2007) being significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg ha−1 + anilophos @ 0.4 kg ha−1 (pre-emergence) produced significantly higher grain yield (3096.6 kg ha−1 during 2006 and 3288.8 kg ha−1 during 2007) over rest of the herbicidal treatments. Due to less number and dry matter of weeds resulting in better crop growth, reflecting in higher grain yield and economic return in both the years. Reduction in grain yield of rice due to uncontrolled weeds in weedy plots was recorded 70.4% during 2006 and 67.4% during 2007.
Pendimethalin
Kharif crop
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The effect of different levels of nitrogen (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and certain weeding practices on hybrid rice (ADTRH-1) were studied during both dry and wet season of 2003. Response of nitrogen was noticed up to 150 kg ha-1 with the maximum grain yield of 5.80 t ha-1. In respect of weed management practices, highest rice grain yield was obtained with weed free (6.24 t ha-1) followed by butachlor 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 at 3 days after transplanting (DAT) + hand weeding at 40 DAT (5.78 t ha-1)and the effect was comparable with that of hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAT.
Butachlor
Transplanting
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Effect of rice establishment methods and weed management practices on weeds and grain yield of rice was studied. The maximum reduction of weed species was obtained with application of herbicides as pre-emergence supplemented by two hand weedings at 30 and 60 days after seeding/days after transplanting under all the establishment systems of rice. The maximum weed dry matter reduction was achieved due to herbicide supplemented with two hand weedings in transplanted rice followed by herbicide as pre-emergence supplemented with two hand weedings in wet seeded rice and zero till rice. The highest grain yield (4623 kg ha−1) was achieved by the application of herbicide supplemented with two hand weedings in transplanted rice which was significantly higher than the other treatments. Among the direct seeded rice, the highest yield (4222 kg ha−1) was recorded under wet seeding (WSR) employed with two hand weedings (WC2 – two hand weedings) and on par with application of herbicide followed by one hand weeding (WC2) ullder transplanting (TPR).
Transplanting
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Field trials were conducted during summer (dry) and kharif (wet) 1992 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore to study the crop-weed competition in puddled seeded rice. Seven weed free and seven weed infestation treatments were compared with weed free and unweeded check. Results indicated that grassy weeds dominated over dicots and sedges. Weed free upto 50, 60, 70 and 80 DAS (days after sowing) and weed infestation upto 20, 30, 40 and 50 DAS recorded significantly lower dry weight of weeds and higher yield and yield components. Reduction in grain yield in unweeded check due to weeds competition was 94 and 47% during dry and wet seasons, respectively. Weed free for the first 50 DAS was the critical period for crop-weed competition to obtain higher yield.
Kharif crop
Dry weight
Non-invasive ventilation
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