Does the knowledge of emergency contraception affect its use among high school adolescents?
Christiane Borges do Nascimento ChofakianAna Luíza Vilela BorgesAna Paula Sayuri SatoGizelton Pereira AlencarOsmara Alves dos SantosElizabeth Fujimori
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Abstract:
This study aimed to test how knowledge on emergency contraception (according to age at sexual initiation, type of school, and knowing someone that has already used emergency contraception) influences the method's use. This was a cross-sectional study in a probabilistic sample of students 15-19 years of age enrolled in public and private middle schools in a medium-sized city in Southeast Brazil (n = 307). Data were collected in 2011 using a self-administered questionnaire. A structural equations model was used for the data analysis. Considering age at sexual initiation and type of school, knowledge of emergency contraception was not associated with its use, but knowing someone that had used the method showed a significant mean effect on use of emergency contraception. Peer group conversations on emergency contraception appear to have greater influence on use of the method than knowledge itself, economic status, or sexual experience.Keywords:
Emergency Contraception
Affect
Social changes are encouraging couples to inititate contraception at younger ages, practice spacing, and in general reduce fertility. The personal characteristics of acceptors in the family planning programs of 23 developing countries were accumulated with concentration on the age and number of children by contraceptive method. The findings indicate that the ages and family sizes of acceptors decline with little relation to available family planning programs or contraceptive method. Contraceptive methods must fit the needs of younger couples; therefore, services for sterilization must still be maintained while new services are added which take into account age distributions of married women and age-specific acceptance rates.
Sterilization
Total fertility rate
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Because of the improvement of health and nutrition status,the age of sexual maturity is dropping year by year.Proportion of sexually active adolescence is increasing each year.Emergency contraception is remedial measure for the sexual intercourse of no defense and contraceptive failure after several days.This article reviews these in order to prevent the happening of no willingness pregnancy and reduce the rate of induced abortion.
Emergency Contraception
Remedial education
Sexual intercourse
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In the western world in general and Europe in particular, family planning services have not contributed to a decrease in fertility rates to a sustainable level, because these levels were already low before such services were introduced. Therefore, the question 'What benefits can be derived from family planning services?', should be rephrased as 'What has changed in the lives of women?' and a distinction needs to be made between industrialized and developing countries. Benefits of family planning in the lives of women can be divided into four categories: (1) The acquired freedom to choose easily the number of children they wish to have; (2) Improvements in their health thanks to the availability of modern contraceptives; (3) The impact of contraception on the struggle to promote the condition of women; (4) More globally, the differences between the north and the south of the world in the impact of family planning on women's development.
Natural family planning
Total fertility rate
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The research was planned descriptively to define the knowledge, attitudes and practices of family-planning providers regarding emergency contraception.The sample included 21 Maternal-Child Health/Family Planning Centers located in the European region of Istanbul, and the research was conducted with 41 family-planning providers employed in these facilities.All of the family-planning providers were aware of emergency contraception, 82.9% accurately defined emergency contraception, 61% stated that emergency contraception was legal, and 53.7% expressed that it could be employed in rape indications. All the family-planning providers (100%) cited combined oral contraceptives, 73.2% cited intrauterine devices, and 9.8% cited other methods (mifepristone, high-dose estrogen, menstrual regulation). Seventy-eight per cent of the family-planning providers stated that they had applied emergency contraception previously, while 53.7% gave limited support to emergency contraception. Two sample cases were given to family-planning providers to define their attitudes, to the first of which most of them were positive. All of them were positive towards the second sample.Family-planning providers, whose duty is to support women in critical family-planning and reproductive decisions using their experiences and skills, are supposed to have broad knowledge on the matter of emergency contraception.
Emergency Contraception
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Extracted from text ... 42
CASE REPORT
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
A recent edition of the New England Journal of Medicine1
carries an interesting approach to a case report on the alltoo-
common problem of emergency contraception.
The case: 'A healthy 19-year-old woman comes in for a routine
appointment. She is sexually active in a monogamous
relationship. Pregnancy is not currently desired. Her partner
uses condoms most of the time. She is uncertain of the date
of her last menstrual period but has had sexual intercourse
several times since her last menses, including unprotected
intercourse 4 days earlier. A high-sensitivity urine test for
pregnancy is ..
Emergency Contraception
Pregnancy test
Sexual intercourse
Menstrual period
Early pregnancy factor
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A healthy 19-year-old woman comes in for a routine appointment. She is sexually active in a monogamous relationship; her partner uses condoms most of the time. Pregnancy is not currently desired. She has had sexual intercourse several times since her last menses, including an episode of unprotected intercourse four days earlier. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Should emergency contraception be prescribed?
Emergency Contraception
Pregnancy test
Sexual intercourse
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This paper argues that there is a great need for family planning research in the developing world and identifies the areas in which research is most necessary. More effective delivery systems and more acceptable contraceptive methods are needed to maintain family planning motivation in the Third World. Most contraceptive technology has been developed in industrialized countries and people in developing countries have been expected to adapt to it in spite of differentials in motivation, medical facilities, nutritional status, disease patterns and so on. Timing of the research is critical because population is continually growing, so that an immediate marginal improvement in available contraceptives may be much more useful than a new contraceptive technique which will take 20 years to develop. Local research needs to be done on the safety of oral contraceptives, IUD insertion techniques, patient selection for IUDs, reversability of vasectomies, delivery of female sterilization services, improvements in conventional contraceptives--heretofore underemphasized--such as condoms, diaphragms and spermicides, and marketing techniques for family planning. Adapting present contraceptive methods to the needs of the developing countries is less costly than basic research in reproductive biology and makes contraceptives available sooner to more couples.
Sterilization
Natural family planning
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