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    Congenital malformations are defects of the morphogenesis of organs or body regions identified during intrauterine development or at birth. They may be isolated and single or multiple. Their global birth prevalence is about 2–3 %. Congenital defects may be caused by genetic and/or environmental factors, acting singly or in combination. A deep knowledge of the family and pregnancy histories, of the congenital anomalies and/or dysmorphic features' classification, as well as of the most appropriate cytogenetic and/or molecular genetic tests may facilitate the neonatologist to the newborn's correct assessment and management.
    Congenital malformations
    1. Summary: Stroke in infants and children is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and an emerging area for clinical and translational research. The clinical presentation of neonatal stroke is subtle and varied, which presents challenges in diagnosis as well as ascertainment of risk factors and outcome [1] . Hemorrhagic stroke is less common than ischemic stroke in children [2,3] . Several risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke have been identified in children, including vascular malformations, malignancy, and trauma. Hemorrhagic stroke in children is also associated with primary and secondary coagulation disorders including hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, liver failure, leukemia, and warfarin therapy [4,5] . Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM) are the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in children. The development of an AVM results from failure in the formation of the capillary bed between primitive arteries and veins in the brain during the first trimester of fetal life. The incidence of AVM in children is 1/100 000 and approximately 10% to 20% of all AVMs will become symptomatic during childhood [4-9] .
    Stroke
    Arteriovenous malformation
    Pediatric Stroke
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