Gut Dysbiosis May Play a Role in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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Gut dysbiosis — a microbial imbalance implicated in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome — has recently been suggested in animalKeywords:
Dysbiosis
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Liver disease
In recent decades, diseases concerning the gut microbiota have presented some of the most serious public health problems worldwide. The human host's physiological status is influenced by the intestinal microbiome, thus integrating external factors, such as diet, with genetic and immune signals. The notion that chronic inflammation drives carcinogenesis has been widely established for various tissues. It is surprising that the role of the microbiota in tumorigenesis has only recently been recognized, given that the presence of bacteria at tumor sites was first described more than a century ago. Extensive epidemiological studies have revealed that there is a strong link between the gut microbiota and some common cancers. However, the exact molecular mechanisms linking the gut microbiota and cancer are not yet fully understood. Changes to the gut microbiota are instrumental in determining the occurrence and progression of hepatocarcinoma, chronic liver diseases related to alcohol, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cirrhosis. To be specific, the gut milieu may play an important role in systemic inflammation, endotoxemia, and vasodilation, which leads to complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopathy. Relevant animal studies involving gut microbiota manipulations, combined with observational studies on patients with NAFLD, have provided ample evidence pointing to the contribution of dysbiosis to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Given the poor prognosis of these clinical events, their prevention and early management are essential. Studies of the composition and function of the gut microbiota could shed some light on understanding the prognosis because the microbiota serves as an essential component of the gut milieu that can impact the aforementioned clinical events. As far as disease management is concerned, probiotics may provide a novel direction for therapeutics for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and NAFLD, given that probiotics function as a type of medicine that can improve human health by regulating the immune system. Here, we provide an overview of the relationships among the gut microbiota, tumors, and liver diseases. In addition, considering the significance of bacterial homeostasis, we discuss probiotics in this article in order to guide treatments for related diseases.
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Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Pathogenesis
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide with prevalence estimates ranging from 25% to 45%, increasing in parallel with that of obesity and diabetes. There are inherent links between the liver and the gut, with the two are all budding from the entoderm during development. The gut microbiota is a central regulator of host metabolism. The composition and function of the gut microbiota is dynamic and affected by many factors. The gut microbiota has been shown to affect lipid metabolism and lipid levels in blood and tissues, both in mice and humans. Furthermore, diseases linked to dyslipidemia, such as non-alcoholic liver disease and atherosclerosis, are associated with changes in gut microbiota profile. This review explores the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as the prospects of microbiota and treatment of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Dyslipidemia
Liver disease
Dysbiosis
Pathogenesis
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder that is increasing in prevalence with the worldwide epidemic of obesity.NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome.The term NAFLD describes a spectrum of liver pathology ranges from simple steatosis to steatosis with inflammation nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and even cirrhosis.Metabolic syndrome and NAFLD also predict hepatocellular carcinoma.Many genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to contribute to the development of obesity and NAFLD, but the exact mechanisms are not known.Intestinal ecosystem contains trillions of microorganisms including bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and viruses.Several studies support the relationship between the intestinal microbial changes and obesity and also its complications, including insulin resistance and NAFLD.Given that the gut and liver are connected by the portal venous system, it makes the liver more vulnerable to translocation of bacteria, bacterial products, endotoxins or secreted cytokines.Altered intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) may stimulate hepatic fat deposition through several mechanisms: regulation of gut permeability, increasing low-grade inflammation, modulation of dietary choline metabolism, regulation of bile acid metabolism and producing endogenous ethanol.Regulation of intestinal microbial ecosystem by diet modifications or by using probiotics and prebiotics as a treatment for obesity and its complications might be the issue of further investigations.
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Steatosis
Steatohepatitis
Intestinal Permeability
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common and increasing liver diseases worldwide. NAFLD is a term that involves a variety of conditions such as fatty liver, steatohepatitis, or fibrosis. Gut microbiota and its products have been extensively studied because of a close relation between NAFLD and microbiota in pathogenesis. In the progression of NAFLD, various microbiota-related molecular and cellular mechanisms, including dysbiosis, leaky bowel, endotoxin, bile acids enterohepatic circulation, metabolites, or alcohol-producing microbiota, are involved. Currently, diagnosis and treatment techniques using these mechanisms are being developed. In this review, we will introduce the microbiota-related mechanisms in the progression of NAFLD and future directions will be discussed.
Dysbiosis
Enterohepatic circulation
Steatohepatitis
Fusobacteria
Pathogenesis
Liver disease
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Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease in the world. NAFLD is principally characterized by an excessive fat accumulation in the hepatocytes. Diet is considered as one of the main drivers to modulate the composition of gut microbiota, which participate in different processes, affecting human metabolism. A disruption in the homeostasis of gut microbiota may lead to dysbiosis, which is commonly reflected by a reduction of the beneficial species and an increment in pathogenic microbiota. Gut and liver are in close relation due to the anatomical and functional interactions led by the portal vein, thus altered intestinal microbiota might affect liver functions, promoting inflammation, insulin resistance and steatosis, which is translated into NAFLD. This review will highlight the association between diet, gut microbiota and liver, and how this axis may promote the development of NAFLD progression, discussing potential mechanisms and alterations due to the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Finally, it will revise the variations in gut microbiota composition in NAFLD, and it will focus in specific species, which directly affect NAFLD progression.
Dysbiosis
Steatosis
Liver disease
Steatohepatitis
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is leading chronic liver syndrome worldwide.Gut microbiota dysbiosis significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and severity of NAFLD.However, its role is complex and even unclear.Treatment of NAFLD through chemotherapeutic agents have been questioned because of their side effects on health.In this review, we highlighted and discussed the current understanding on the importance of gut microbiota, its dysbiosis and its effects on the gut-liver axis and gut mucosa.Further, we discussed key mechanisms involved in gut dysbiosis to provide an outline of its role in progression to NAFLD and liver cirrhosis.In addition, we also explored the potential role of probiotics as a treatment approach for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.Based on the latest findings, it is evident that microbiota targeted interventions mostly the use of probiotics have shown promising effects and can possibly alleviate the gut microbiota dysbiosis, regulate the metabolic pathways which in turn inhibit the progression of NAFLD through the gut-liver axis.However, very limited studies in humans are available on this issue and suggest further research work to identify a specific core microbiome association with NAFLD and to discover its mechanism of pathogenesis, which will help to enhance the therapeutic potential of probiotics to NAFLD.
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Pathogenesis
Liver disease
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Liver-gut communication is vital in fatty liver diseases, and gut microbes are the key regulators in maintaining liver homeostasis.Chronic alcohol abuse and persistent overnutrition create dysbiosis in gut ecology, which can contribute to fatty liver disease.In this review, we discuss the gut microbial compositional changes that occur in alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases and how this gut microbial dysbiosis and its metabolic products are involved in fatty liver disease pathophysiology.We also summarize the new approaches related to gut microbes that might help in the diagnosis and treatment of fatty liver disease.
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Overnutrition
Alcoholic fatty liver
Alcoholic Hepatitis
Liver disease
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the accumulation of fat in the liver in the absence of secondary causes. NAFLD is a multifactorial disease that results from the interaction of genetic predisposition and metabolic, inflammatory and environmental factors. Among these factors, dysregulation of gut microbiome has been linked to the development of fatty liver disease. The microbiome composition can be modified by dietary habits leading to gut microbiome dysbiosis, especially when a diet is rich in saturated fats, animal products and fructose sugars. Different species of bacteria in the gut metabolize nutrients differently, triggering different pathways that contribute to the accumulation of fat within the liver and triggering inflammatory cascades that promote liver damage. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of gut microbiota in mediating NAFLD development and discuss possible gut microbiota-targeted therapies for NAFLD. We summarize experimental and clinical evidence, and draw conclusions on the therapeutic potential of manipulating gut microbiota to decrease the incidence and prevalence of fatty liver disease.
Dysbiosis
Liver disease
Gut microbiome
Nutrigenomics
Genetic predisposition
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ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Augustyn M, Grys I, Kukla M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2019;5(1):1-10. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83151. APA Augustyn, M., Grys, I., & Kukla, M. (2019). Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 5(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceh.2019.83151 Chicago Augustyn, Monika, Iwon Grys, and Michał Kukla. 2019. "Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease". Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 5 (1): 1-10. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83151. Harvard Augustyn, M., Grys, I., and Kukla, M. (2019). Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 5(1), pp.1-10. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceh.2019.83151 MLA Augustyn, Monika et al. "Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease." Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, vol. 5, no. 1, 2019, pp. 1-10. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83151. Vancouver Augustyn M, Grys I, Kukla M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Experimental Hepatology. 2019;5(1):1-10. doi:10.5114/ceh.2019.83151.
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