DRINKING, SMOKING AND DRUG‐TAKING PATTERNS IN A PREDOMINANTLY LOWER SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SAMPLE COMPARISON WITH MEDICHECK SAMPLE
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The drinking, smoking, and drug-taking patterns of 9829 adult members of the Australian Workers Union in Sydney are compared with data collected through the Medicheck Referral Centre. Overall, the two sets of data are very similar, but the results of this survey point to the high prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption, and of regular drug-taking in young people.Keywords:
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This study investigated the relationships among family status (intact vs single parent), socioeconomic status, parent-child interaction, and children's adjustment in a disadvantaged “Coloured” community in South Africa. Data were collected from 48 mothers, including 12 married mothers of higher socioeconomic status, 12 single mothers of higher socioeconomic status, 12 married mothers of low socioeconomic status, and 12 single mothers of low socioeconomic status. Low socioeconomic status, single mothers rated their children as significantly less adjusted than mothers in the other three groups. These and other findings suggest the importance of taking both family status and socioeconomic status into account. While the findings of this study are not conclusive, they could have implications for the “Coloured” community of South Africa and similar groups.
Disadvantaged
Single mothers
Single parent
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To describe the general practitioners referral patterns. There is special emphasis in the delay between the referral and the first consultation with the specialist. Also we consider other aspects of the coordination between both levels of care.Cross-sectional study upon 8.095 referrals from 242 spanish doctors.The referral rate was 6.63%, higher in the 15-44 age group and also for men. We find a huge variability in the referral rates among doctors. The referral rates are higher to surgical specialties. The mean delay between referral and specialist appointment was 11 days. The general practitioners didn't receive communication from the specialists in 23.5 of the referrals.A considerable range of referral rates has been identified. There is a poor continuity and coordination in the patient care.
Patient referral
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This paper reviews the evidence on the well-known positive association between socioeconomic status and health. We focus on four dimensions of socioeconomic status -- education, financial resources, rank, and race and ethnicity -- paying particular attention to how the mechanisms linking health to each of these dimensions diverge and coincide. The extent to which socioeconomic advantage causes good health varies, both across these four dimensions and across the phases of the lifecycle. Circumstances in early life play a crucial role in determining the co-evolution of socioeconomic status and health throughout adulthood. In adulthood, a considerable part of the association runs from health to socioeconomic status, at least in the case of wealth. The diversity of pathways casts doubt upon theories that treat socioeconomic status as a unified concept.
Association (psychology)
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To assess physical activity and leisure time activities in relation to socioeconomic status.We have studied 1,078 boys and girls from 24 schools from areas of different geographical and socioeconomical status. Physical activity and leisure time activities were assessed by a questionnaire.We have observed that adolescents spend more time watching T.V. than doing physical activity (p = 0.0001). In general, boys prefer strong physical activity. Children from the lowest socioeconomic families did less physical activity than children from the highest socioeconomic families (p < or = 0.05). In girls, those with the lowest socioeconomic status spent the greatest amount of time watching T.V. (p = 0.0001).From our results, we deduce that we must improve physical activity habits in children, especially in those from the lowest socioeconomic families.
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Cross-sectional study
Danish
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Objective To explore and discuss contradictions and problems existing in the two-way referral system through analyzing the situation of patients' referral between Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital and 21 community health service centers in Chengdu,and propose measures and methods to further improve the two-way referral system.Methods Totally 3652 patients required referral from April 2010 to March 2011(2 635 patients from the hospital to community medical service centers and 1017 in a opposite direction) were selected.The reasons for referral and the factors for successful and unsuccessful referral were analyzed.The on-site interviews were conducted among doctors,department directors,and medical administrators from both the hospital and the centers.The talking topics included the design of bi-directional referral system,policy support from the government,current status of two-way referral and the main factors restricting the implementation of bi-directional referral system.Results Among the 2635 patients needed to have a referral from the hospital to centers(downward referral) for rehabilitation only 50 were successfully transferred,with a successful referral ratio of 52.7∶ 1.However,concurrently 1017 patients were transferred from the 21 centers to the hospital(upward referral).The ratio of upward referral to downward referral was 20.3∶ 1.There are a total of 1623 beds in all the 21 centers,however,the average utilization rate of beds was only 70.65%,as contrasted with that of 112.35% in the hospital.Majority of the interviewers believed that the factors impacting the implementation of two-way referral included un-smooth communication of medical information,no criteria and process of referral so far,shortage of mutual trust between the two referral parties,and non-full consideration of the two-way referral factors by the medical authorities in formulating the local health plan.Conclusion Although the two-way referral system has been implemented in Chengdu area,the rate of successful transfer is still lower,especially for the patients needing downward referral.
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Social status
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Referral rates and urgency of referral to hospital by six pairs of trainers and trainees were compared over one month in 1986. From 5846 consultations, 327 resulted in referral to hospital. Overall, the referral rates was low at 5.6 per 100 consultations; however, there was considerable variation in individual referral rates with trainees tending to follow their trainer's referral patterns, despite statistical adjustment for sharing the same practice. This paper critically examines the wisdom of using general practitioner referral rates for the purpose of resource allocation and education.
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Objective To understand the present situation of medical referral in community health service (CHS) institutions of Beijing and the demands for referral criteria.Methods A questionnaire survey was conduced among trainees of training program for key general practitioners form CHS institutions in Beijing.Results The present situation of referral was unsatisfactory;with a lower referral rate.The major problems were unsmooth referral channel between the higher level hospital and CHS institutions,more up-referral from CHS institutions to higher-level hospital,and no unified referral criteria.General practitioners had an urgent demand for referral criteria.Conclusion In order to improve the two-way referral system,the referral guidelines and referral indicators or main symptoms of diseases for CHS institutions should be made as soon as possible.
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Utilized two psychologists as actors in making four videotapes to depict background information and verbal modes of communication for alcoholics according to black-white race differences and high-low socioeconomic status. Forty graduate psychology students (10 per group) then were shown randomly one of the four recordings and asked to make a diagnosis. A significant difference was found for the effects of race, socioeconomic status, and race X socioeconomic status interaction on the correct diagnosis of alcoholism. Results were interpreted as suggesting that a clinician's personal biases and/or prejudices might extend into the clinical diagnosis and treatment of clients.
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