Relationship between magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal content of soil.
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The magnetic susceptibility and the contamination level of soil have been showed a strong correlation since magnetic particle and contaminant are genetically related. The magnetic susceptibility, mineralogical composition and heavy metal content of 30 surface soil samples collected from uncontaminated forest, road side in industrial area and abandoned mine area were determined to examine their correlation. The soil samples from industrial and mine areas had a higher magnetic susceptibility and higher contents of heavy metal, magnetite and hematite comparing with the soil samples from uncontaminated forest. There was a strong correlation between the magnetic susceptibility and the content of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn of the soils. They also showed a strong correlation with the content of Fe-oxide and Mn-oxide. The contents of As and Cu revealed a weak correlation with the magnetic susceptibility. However, they showed a strong correlation with the Fe oxide content. The correlation data indicate that the magnetic susceptibility measurement can be used as a screening tool of heavy metal level of soil.Keywords:
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To explore the feasibility of using magnetic properties as indicators for heavy metal pollution,magnetic properties,particle size,heavy metal concentrations and total organic carbon contents were investigated for a sediment core from the Rengang River in Nantong City,Jiangsu Province.The results indicate that Pb,Zn,Cu and Ni contents are enriched in the top 12 cm layer,which are higher than the soil background values of Jiangsu Province.After normalizing the effect of particle size,heavy metal contents are still higher in the upper part than the background values.It is found that ferrimagnetic mineral dominates the magnetic properties in the sediment core.Magnetic mineral contents are higher in the upper 12 cm of the sediments than those below due to anthropogenic input.Magnetic susceptibility(χ),saturation isothermal remanent magnetization(SIRM) and susceptibility of anhysteretic remanent magnetization(χARM) display significant positive correlations with Pb,Zn,Cu and Ni concentrations(r≥ 0.74,p0.01,n=54),suggesting that magnetic parameters can be potentially used as qualitative proxies of heavy metal pollution in the river sediments.However,the changes in magnetic mineral contents are not consistently synchronous with heavy metal concentrations in the upper 12 cm of the sediments,due to the effects of their sources and diagenesis.Therefore,it should be cautious to examine heavy mental contents quantitatively using these magnetic parameters.
Environmental Magnetism
Saturation (graph theory)
Ferrimagnetism
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Contents and the each form of Pb,Cu,Zn,Cd,Fe,Mn and magnetic parameters' values(χ,ARM,SIRM) were measured on a soil core collected near Shougang iron plant.Whether the parameters values can be used as a proxy for heavy metal contents and forms were discussed.The results showed that vertical variations of magnetic parameters were in good agreement with the contents of heavy metals and there is a very significant correlation between magnetic parameters and elevated concentrations of element(Correlation coefficient(0.98R0.86).The correlation between the heavy metal forms and magnetic susceptibility were further analyzed.The results showed that there was a significant correlation between magnetic susceptibility and Fe-Mn oxide and the organically bound of heavy metals,Which showed that there was a basic connection between magnetic mineral and heavy metal form.It indicated magnetic measurement can be as a efficiency method to provide the polluting information.
Proxy (statistics)
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By X- Ray fluorescence spe ctrometer to measure soil heavy metal content, the correlations among soil heavy metal elements and among soil properties were analyzed. Results showed that soil heavy metal content in the study area changed little. The contents of Pb and Zn gradually reduced from the surface to the deep soil, which showed a certain surface concentration effect. The variation of other heavy metal content was not obvious. Correlation analysis showed that As had a strong negative correlation with Pb, but had a good positive correlation with Zn. Cu significantly positively correlated with Ni and Zn, and the correlation between Ni and Zn was strong, too. The correlation between Pb and the surface soil organic matter was strong. The correlations were positive between As and Ni and the content of small diameter, and As was negatively correlated with the content of fine sand, medium sand and coarse sand grains. Metal Cr and Pb, had the reverse correlation analysis to As.
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Abstract Soil profiles of the Kathmandu urban area exhibit significant variations in magnetic susceptibility (χ) and saturation isothermal remanence (SIRM), which can be used to discriminate environmental pollution. Magnetic susceptibility can be used to delineate soil intervals by depth into normal (< 10 −7 m 3 /kg), moderately enhanced (10 −7 –< 10 −6 m 3 /kg) and highly enhanced (≥ 10 −6 m 3 /kg). Soils far from roads and industrial sites commonly fall into the ‘normal’ category. Close to a road corridor, soils at depths of several centimeters have the highest χ, which remains high within the upper 20 cm interval, and decreases with depth through ‘moderately magnetic’ to ‘normal’ at approximately 30–40 cm. Soils in the upper parts of profiles in urban recreational parks have moderate χ. Soil SIRM has three components of distinct median acquisition fields (B 1/2 ): soft (30–50 mT, magnetite‐like phase), intermediate (120–180 mT, probably maghemite or soft coercivity hematite) and hard (550–600 mT, hematite). Close to the daylight surface, SIRM is dominated by a soft component, implying that urban pollution results in enrichment by a magnetite‐like phase. Atomic absorption spectrometry of soils from several profiles for heavy metals reveals remarkable variability (ratio of maximum to minimum contents) of Cu (16.3), Zn (14.8) and Pb (9.3). At Rani Pokhari, several metals are well correlated with χ, as shown by a linear relationship between the logarithmic values. At Ratna Park, however, both χ and SIRM show significant positive correlation with Zn, Pb and Cu, but poor and even negative correlation with Fe (Mn), Cr, Ni and Co. Such differences result from a variety of geogenic, pedogenic, biogenic and man‐made factors, which vary in time and space. Nevertheless, for soil profiles affected by pollution (basically traffic‐related), χ exhibits a significant linear relationship with a pollution index based on the contents of some urban elements (Cu, Pb, Zn), and therefore it serves as an effective parameter for quantifying the urban pollution.
Environmental Magnetism
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This paper deals with the magnetic properties [magnetic susceptibility, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), magnetomineralogicl parameters], the contents of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) and their mutual relationship in the urban topsoils of Luoyang, China. Magnetic susceptibility measured on 215 urban topsoil samples ranged from 31 × 10−8 to 1128 × 10−8 m3 kg−1 (average 215 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) and showed that high magnetic susceptibility values were obtained on topsoil samples from industrial areas (average 313 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) and roadside (236 × 10−8 m3 kg−1), whereas lower susceptibility values were observed in parks and green areas (123 × 10−8 m3 kg−1). The urban topsoils were enriched with Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn, with average contents of 1.71, 30.51, 85.40, 65.92 and 215.75 mg kg−1, respectively. The heavy metals Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn show a statistically significant correlation with magnetic susceptibility and SIRM. The Tomlinson Pollution Load Index (PLI) also shows significant correlation with magnetic susceptibility and SIRM, indicating that the magnetic parameters can provide a proxy method for identifying the heavy metal pollution in urban topsoils. Rock magnetism and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the dominant magnetic mineral in the urban topsoils is anthropogenic pseudo-single domain (PSD)-multidomain (MD) magnetite. These magnetic particles are associated with the industrial activities, traffic exhaust and deposition of atmospheric particulate.
Environmental Magnetism
Topsoil
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Concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) and various magnetic parameters in contaminated urban roadside soils were investigated using chemical analysis and magnetic measurements. The results revealed highly elevated Cu and Zn concentrations as well as magnetic susceptibility in the roadside soils. The mean concentrations of Cu and Zn in these roadside soils were almost twice those in average Chinese soils, with the mean magnetic susceptibility of the roadside soils reaching about 179 × 10-8 m3 kg-1. This enhanced magnetic susceptibility was attributed to the presence of anthro- pogenic soft ferrimagnetic particles. A low frequency-dependent susceptibility (2.5% ± 1.0%) observed in the roadside soils indicated the coarse multidomain (MD) ferrimagnetic grains to be the dominant contributor to magnetic susceptibility. The Cu and Zn concentration of the soils had highly significant linear correlations with magnetic susceptibility (P ≤ 0.01), anhysteretic remanent magnetization (P ≤ 0.01), and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (P ≤ 0.01). This suggested that heavy metals were associated with ferrimagnetic particles in soils, which were attributed to input of traffc emissions and industrial activities. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectra of magnetic extracts of the roadside soils further suggested the link between the magnetic signal and concentrations of heavy metals. Thus, the magnetic parameters could provide a proxy measure for the level of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential tool for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.
Ferrimagnetism
Environmental Magnetism
Saturation (graph theory)
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Based on the data of magnetic parameters and chemical analyses of 255 samples(185 from surface soils and other from 4 soil profiles),the distributions of soil magnetic susceptibility,heavy metal element contents,their origins and correlation were studied in Huludao City.The result revealed that:①the magnetic susceptibility of the surface soils had obvious divergence,some were higher than those of common brown soil,but their basic physical and chemical properties were still within the normal ranges,thus,it suggested that the magnetic susceptibility may be promoted by others factors.②both the magnetic susceptibility and heavy metal element contents decreased downwards in soil profiles,sharming the same vertical variation tendency.③there were extremely significant correlations between the magnetic susceptibility and the contents of Pb,Zn,Hg,and Ni,significant correlation between the magnetic susceptibility and the contents of Cu.In Pb-polluted area,there was extremely significant correlations between the magnetic susceptibility and Pb content,but no correlation in non-Pb polluted area,it effectively proved that Pb may increase the magnetic susceptibility.
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