Correction: Corrigendum: D14–SCFD3-dependent degradation of D53 regulates strigolactone signalling
Feng ZhouQibing LinLi ZhuYulong RenKunneng ZhouNitzan ShabekFuqing WuHaibin MaoWei DongLu GanWeiwei MaHe GaoJun ChenChao YangDan WangJunjie TanXin ZhangXiuping GuoJiulin WangLing JiangXi LiuWeiqi ChenJinfang ChuCunyu YanKotomi UenoShinsaku ItoTadao AsamiZhijun ChengJie WangCailin LeiHuqu ZhaiChuanyin WuHaiyang WangNing ZhengJianmin Wan
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The paper presents a study on the method of grain harvester hopper unloading and the full hopper signalling used. The studies were conducted on 42 farms. Of these, it was found that only 9% of the farms were unloaded on the move, in the remaining 91% the harvesters unloaded at standstill. It has been found that on the studied farms harvesters used the following types of full hopper signalling: no automatic signalling (signalling by stopping and opening of the unloading screw) - 8%; with one level of automatic signalling - 6%; with two levels of automatic signalling - 73%; do not use signalling, but go out for unloading at the end of the field after filling the hopper - 13%. Harvesters that had to alert the vehicle for full grain hopper were a total of 62, 84% of which having two levels of automatic signalling, 6% with one level of automatic signalling and 10% without signalling.
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Objective To evaluate the Cambridge Biotech HIV-1 Western blot kit and to assay the Sensitivity and Specificity in the different HIV infected status groups in the fields. Methods To collect the serum specimens from 645 cases, using Cambridge Biotech HIV-1 Western blot kit and using Genelabs Diagnostics HIV blot 2.2 Western blot kit to confirm the presence of HIV antibody through ELISA test. Results On HIV antibody positive individuals, Cambridge Biotech HIV-1 Western blot kit and Genelabs Diagnostics HIV blot 2.2 Western blot kit showed positive reaction. The sensitivity of both western blot kits was 100% . Of 398 serum specimens from ELISA testing on HIV antibody negative individuals, 23 showed indeterminate when tested by Cambridge Biotech HIV-1 Western blot kit and 86 showed indeterminate when tested by Genelabs Diagnostics HIV blot 2.2 Western blot kit. In such HIV screen test negative groups, the rates of specificity of Cambridge kit were 94.22% and 78.39% for Genelabs kit respectively. Conclusion The Cambridge Biotech HIV-1 Western blot kit had much higher specificity then Genelabs Diagnostics HIV blot 2.2 Western blot kit.
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Zahavi's handicap principle,originally proposed as an explanation for sexual selection ofelaborate male traits, suggests that a sufficient cost to dishonest signals can outweigh the rewards of deception and allow individuals to communicate honestly. Maynard Smith (1991) and Johnstone and Grafen (1992) introduce the Sir Philip Sidney game in order to extend the handicap principle to interactions among related individuals, and to demonstrate that stable costly signalling systems can exist among relatives. In this paper we demonstrate that despite the benefits associated with honest information transfer, the costs incurred in a stable costly signalling system may leave all participants worse off than they would be in a system with no signalling at all. In both the discrete and continuous forms of the Sir Philip Sidney game, there exist conditions under which costly signalling among relatives, while stable, is so costly that it is disadvantageous compared with no signalling at all. We determine the factors which dictate signal cost and signal benefit in a generalized version of this game, and explain how signal cost can exceed signal value. Such results raise concerns about theevolutionary pathways which could have led to the existence of signalling equilibria in nature. The paper stresses the importance of comparing signalling equilibria with other possible strategies, beforedrawing conclusions regarding the optimality of signalling.
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HIV-1 antibody determination by ELISA screening takes 4 hr to complete and is not reliable. Regular Western blot can take up to 24 hr. This makes organ transplantation both difficult and risky with regard to HIV-1 transmission. We developed a modification of the Western blot technique that takes under 50 min, is transportable, is definitive on site, and does not delay organ retrieval. This test has been called the Quick Western Blot. We examined 459 serum specimens from referrals; from the AIDS Testing Proficiency Panel, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; and from 36 organ donors. All specimens were tested by ELISA HIV-1 Ab screening, the regular Western blot, and by the Quick Western Blot. The organ donors were initially tested on-site during organ procurement by the Quick Western Blot and later had complete testing by the reference methods. Compared with regular Western blot, the ELISA showed a specificity of 78.4% and a positive predictive value of 65.5%, whereas the Quick Western Blot was as reliable and specific as the regular Western blot, but much quicker. Because of the rapidity and specificity of the test, this test has particular utility in the screening of organ donors, as was shown in a case of multiple organ donation where the ELISA was negative, but the Quick Western Blot was found positive and thereby prevented the donation of HIV-1 infected organs.
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Signalling system 7 ('SS7' or 'CCITT7') is the signalling system most commonly used in modern public telephone networks. This chapter explains the architecture of this 'common-channel signalling system' and describes the various 'user parts' which make it up.
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In this paper we assume that parents use the signalling intensity of their young to determine how much food they bring to the nest, and that the pattern of food allocation is determined by the signalling intensity and by the intensity of other non-signalling behaviours that are not preceived by the parents and have no effect on total food provisioning. We explore the consequences of assuming different ways in which signalling and non-signalling behaviours, as well as competitive asymmetries, might interact to determine food allocation. In Model 0 only signalling affects food allocation. For the same level of need, larger (more competitive) chicks beg less and obtain a greater share of the food than their smaller sibs. In Model 1, food allocation is determined by a linear combination of the signalling and the non-signalling behaviours. When non-signalling behaviours are the main determinant of food allocation, chicks don't signal and parents bring a fixed amount of food to the nest. Larger chicks receive a greater share of this food. When both types of behaviour are equally weighted, the pattern of investment depends on competitive asymmetry. For low asymmetry levels, both chicks invest in signalling. For large asymmetries, the less competitive chick invests in signalling and the more competitive chick invests in non-signalling behaviours. In Model 2, food allocation is determined by the product of the signalling and non-signalling intensities. Larger chicks invest more in signalling and less in non-signalling behaviours. Larger chicks get more food than their siblings. A comparison of the different models shows that the chicks waste more resources when signalling evolves. Hence, if natural selection could act on the mechanism of food distribution, we would expect signalling to play a minor role in the actual pattern of allocation of resources.
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The effect of informational asymmetry on the level and skill composition of international migration and on the level of output are examined first, in the absence of signalling and, second, when a signalling device is available. Using total output as a criterion authors find, inter alia, that signalling may not perfectly compensate for informational asymmetry and that reduction in the costs of signalling may not raise output.
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Handicap principle is now widely accepted as a mechanism for maintaining honest signalling. However, little attention has been paid to how honest signalling evolves in the first place. Using a model of predatorprey interaction with two levels of prey’s quality and signalling intensity, I examine the conditions for the evolution and maintenance of honest signalling and, in particular, elucidate the role of handicap principle. Major conclusions are as follows. 1. Prey’s honest signalling can be maintained only if predators prefer prey of weak (or no) signalling. 2. Predator’s preference of no-signalling prey is also prerequisite for the evolution of honest signalling from no signalling. 3. This predator’s preference may evolve from no preference, by genetic drift or pleiotropy. 4. Once predator’s no-signalling preference is in place, honest-signalling prey can invade and take over no-signalling ones under certain conditions. These conditions are more strict than those for honestsignalling maintenance. 5. Both conditions commonly imply that signalling pays (i.e. signalling cost should be smaller than the predation cost which must be paid for not signalling) for high escaping-ability prey whereas it doesn’t for low escaping-ability one, articulating a form of handicap principle.
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This chapter recalls the mechanisms used by cells to control their activities. It introduces many recurring themes in cell signalling, showing that there is a steady state condition of signalling components. The chapter argues that the most important aspects of cell signalling are that there needs to be a change and that this change needs to be recognized to elicit a response. The chapter also looks at the uniqueness of the signals used and the specific perception of the signals. The chapter considers moonlighting proteins, drug discovery, and cell signalling manipulation. Finally, it examines the future of cell signalling research.
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