Detection and Survival of Root-Knot Nematode in Harvested Bulbs of Tuberose
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The study was aimed at finding root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and studying its survival in the bulbs of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa). Tuberose bulbs showed the no symptoms of infection on surface. Galls were observed on pieces of roots attached to harvested bulbs. Nematodes were found inside the bulb tissues. It is the first report of survival of root-knot nematode in tuberose bulbs. Nematode survived in the harvested bulbs for more than 7 months. Occurrence of many active males inside the bulb tissues suggested that the nematodes also underwent amphimictic development. Nematodes were present in different stages of development during the entire period of this study. Fully formed 2nd stage juveniles were seen moving inside the eggs of M. incognita. Nematode lifecycle continued in stored bulbs and these were the source of pest dissemination.Keywords:
Polianthes tuberosa
Root-knot nematode
Bulb
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The potential of Pasteuria penetrans for the biological control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants was examined in a pot experiment. P. penetrans in dried powdered roots was applied at 11000 and 55 000 spores/cm 3 soil in pots inoculated with 420 or 4200 second stage juveniles. At 4 months after planting there was significantly less galling on plants grown in pots inoculated with 420 nematodes and 55 000 spores/cm 3 than in the unamended control pots. There was a 96% decrease in numbers of egg masses on these roots. The period of assessment had to be shortened because the control plants in the treatment with the higher nematode inoculum died prematurely curtailing further reproduction. Treatment with P. penetrans prevented premature senescence of the plants allowing nematode reproduction to continue. A significant interaction between P. penetrans density and nematode density was obtained on the number of juveniles in soil after the first crop. Where the nematode population was initially large (4200/pot), there were more juveniles in the treatments to which P. penetrans had been applied than in the untreated controls. However, where the nematode population was initially small (420/pot), there were more juveniles in the untreated control than in the treatment with the higher dose of P. penetrans. A second crop was grown in soil from the different treatments after either removing or incorporating the dried roots of the preceding crop. After 30 days, root galling and egg production were higher in pots initially inoculated with 420 nematodes. The effect of root incorporation on egg production was influenced by both nematode and P. penetrans level; greater numbers of eggs were produced on treatments with the initially higher levels. It is concluded that P. penetrans, deployed as a single control measure, may not give consistent or durable control, but that it may have a role in an integrated approach to nematode management.
Meloidogyne javanica
Root-knot nematode
Population density
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A tray experiment was conducted under green house condition to evaluate the effect of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) on the invasion, development and reproduction of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. M. incognita juveniles inside tomato roots were fewer at all application times in plants treated with Steinernema carpocapsae than those in the untreated control plants. Minimum number of M. incognita juveniles was recovered from plants treated with S. carpocapsae simultaneously or 1 week prior to the infection of M. incognita juveniles compared to application of EPN 1 week after infection of M. incognita at all the observation periods. Application of Heterorhabditis indica at the time and one week before infection of M. incognita resulted in 50% reduction in invasion rate of M. incognita juveniles compared to control plants and plants treated with H. indica 1 week after infection. The results obtained from the experiments conducted with S. abbasi and S. feltiae were similar to that obtained with S. carpocapsae and H. indica. The presence of EPN before or at the time of infection of M. incognita juveniles can adversely affect and reduce the penetrating individuals and delay development of invaded nematodes in the root system and also reduced the number of egg laying females or reproduction.
Root-knot nematode
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Costs related to temperature-dependent drying and grinding equipment of Cucumis myriocarpus fruit for preparation of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide could inherently restrict on-farm preparation of this product, particularly in resource-poor smallholder farming systems. The objective of this study was to determine the overall sensitivities of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) plants and nematodes to Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide produced using fermented crude extracts of C. myriocarpus fresh fruit thereby establishing the feasibility of producing this product on-farm. Uniform five-week-old tomato cv. ‘Floradade’ seedlings were transplanted into plastic pots containing a growing mixture, with treatments 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide applied weekly on plants inoculated with 3000 Meloidogyne incognita eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2). At 56 days after initiating the treatments, plant and nematode variables were subjected to analysis of variance. Nematode variables over increasing log2 2-transformed concentrations were subjected to lines of the best fit. Nematodes versus increasing concentrations of phytonematicide exhibited negative quadratic relations, with the model for eggs and J2 in roots and soil being explained by 90 and 95% relations, respectively. Plant variables were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) computer-based model to generate biological indices. The mean concentration stimulation point (MCSP = Dm + Rh/2) was computed 2.79%, with the overall sensitivity (Σk) of four units. In conclusion, Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide from fermented fresh fruit of C. myriocarpus could be used in managing population densities of Meloidogyne species in tomato production without inducing phytotoxity.
Cucumis
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A replicated pot culture experiment was conducted in net house condition for management of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Chilli (Capsicum annuum) by application of biologically-derived product, Emamectin Benzoate 5 SG (Missile) as bare root dip treatment for one hr in different concentrations (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 & 0.1%). An untreated inoculated check and a chemical check (Carbosulfan 25% EC @ 0.2%) were used as comparison. The result indicated significant increase in plant growth parameters and decrease in nematode infectivity in the treatments at higher doses over untreated check. Seedling root dip in Missile 0.1% for 1 hr significantly increased plant height (36.3%), fresh shoot weight (43.0%), dry shoot weight (22.7%), root length (39.7%), fresh root weight (49.9%) and dry root weight (21.8%) with significant reduction in number of galls and egg masses/plant (78.3 & 79.3%) as well as final nematode population (69.7%) over the untreated check. This treatment (seedling root dip by Emamectin Benzoate 5 SG @ 0.1%) was at par with the chemical check (carbosulfan 25 EC @ 0.2% as seedling root dip). The root-dip applications of Emamectin Benzoate 5 SG @ 0.1% may be recommended for eco-friendly management of M. incognita in chilli.
Carbosulfan
Root-knot nematode
Dry weight
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Effect of Pasteuriu penetrans on the life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato was evaluated and found that bacterial spore encumbered juveniles penetrated the tomato root in less number. The developmental stages were formed in lower number in comparison to healthy juveniles up to 14 days after inoculation. Later, the life cycle of the M. incognita was delayed in presence of P. penetrans and the number of J2, J3, J4, healthy females, total root population and egg population were also reduced.
Root-knot nematode
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Foliar nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi is of great concern for profitable cultivation of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.). Studies on various parts of tuberose plant for understanding their role in dissemination of A. besseyi revealed that flowers, stalk, leaf, scales and bulbs of ‘calcutta single’ cultivar were the major sources of nematode infection. Further, A. besseyi was found infecting tuberose in field naturally either through infected bulbs or infested plants parts. Fourteen weed species growing in the tuberose fields showed no foliar nematode infection. Among the other nematode species identified from rhizosphere of tuberose were Meloidogyne incognita, Hoplolaimus indicus, Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Criconemoides onoensis, Pratylenchus zeae and Mylonchulus spp. The nematode species which was consistently recovered from infested flowers was the foliar nematode, A. besseyi. However, the nematode species was not detected in soil samples over two years observation on the nematode infested fields. The high population of A. besseyi was observed when tuberose crop growing faster and producing greater flowers (April-July) and low population was recorded when the crop was entering into senescence during September to December months coinciding with low temperature, rainfall and relative humidity.
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Radopholus similis
Polianthes tuberosa
Pratylenchus
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The root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important group of plant parasitic nematodes which poses threat to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production. The study was conducted in shade net house located at the Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala from September to December, 2011 to investigate the effect of inoculum densities of root knot nematodes on the growth of tomato cv. Pectomec and the inoculum level that will cause the highest nematode infestations. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with four treatments and replicated four times. The inoculum levels were: 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 freshly hatched second stage juveniles (J 2 ) of root knot nematodes /1kg soil/pot. All pots were inoculated with root knot nematode J 2 a week after transplanting of the tomato seedlings. Data were taken on plant girth, plant height, number of leaves, root galls, nematode eggs population density and root weights (fresh and dry weights). From the results obtained, it was observed that all the inoculum levels reduced the stem girth, plant height, number of leaves, and fresh and dry root weights. Increasing the nematode inoculum level resulted in corresponding increased in number of galls and nematode population build up. The reduction in growth parameters and nematode infestations were found to be proportional to the inoculum level.
Root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne javanica
Transplanting
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The experiment was conducted in nematode sick plot in farmers’ polyhouse at Nelamangala, Bengaluru by using six commercially available bioagents. Among them Paecilomyces lilacinus treated plots recorded reduced soil and root population of M. incognita, number of galls/root system, number of egg masses/root system, increased plant height, root length, fresh and dry root weight, early emergence of flower bud, maximum number of flowers and increased flower yield of carnation.
Root-knot nematode
Paecilomyces
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It was evident from the interaction study that AM fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) inoculated ten days prior to root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) resulted significant increase in shoot length (21.5%), root length (29.4%), fresh shoot weight (47.8%), fresh root weight (23.0%), dry shoot weight (73.2%), dry root weight (73.9%), number of branches (44.7%), root volume (34.4%) and phosphorus content of plants (55.5%) over uninoculated check followed by the treatment receiving simultaneous inoculation of G. fasciculatum and M. incognita. G. fasciculatum inoculated simultaneously as well as ten days prior to M. incognita exhibiting increased root colonization (39.0% & 61.0%) and multiplication of chlamydospore (8.4 & 10.8) with reduced reproductive growth of M. incognita (0.77 & 0.26) and number of root galls (12.50 & 5.25), respectively in tomato considered G. fasciculatum as potential nematode inhibitor. Hence, reciprocal interrelationship was noticed between M. incognita and G. fasciculatum depending on the early establishment of either M. incognita or G. fasciculatum in tomato root.
Root-knot nematode
Dry weight
Glomus
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The study conducted during 1991–92 and 1992–93 at Shimla showed that the left out tubers aided M. incognita in overwintering upto six months in the fields. The average total potential inoculuni/g infested tubers was 207.1 1eggs and juveniles which is considered to be significantly higher than the economic threshold level,. Further, the actual inoculum developed/g of infested tubers after 30 days of planting of such infested tubers declined to 96.03 and to 52.34 after sixty days of planting.
Overwintering
Root-knot nematode
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