Shape‐Controlled Preparation of Basic Bismuth Nitrate Crystals with High Iodide‐Removal Capacities
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Abstract:
Abstract Bismuth compounds have generated much interest as agents for the removal of radioactive iodine. In this work, we present the shape‐controlled preparation of basic bismuth nitrate crystals (BBN) in the form of Reuleaux triangles, hexagons, and deformed hexagon disks. Shape control was achieved through modulation of the effect of the shape‐directing agent 2,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine (dpp). The crystals were shown to be capable of iodide removal through reaction with I − to form BiOI. Depending on the degree of saturation, the resultant solids can exhibit colors ranging from yellow (unsaturated) to orange (saturated). Sedimentation of the products facilitates its removal after use. While the removal capacities did not depend on the crystal morphology, the Reuleaux triangle disks exhibited faster reaction rates than the other two shapes. With improved removal capacities of up to 3.6 mmol g −1 , fast removal kinetics, good selectivity, and capture irreversibility, the BBN crystals show good potential as agents for radioactive iodine removal.Keywords:
Bismuth
Saturation (graph theory)
Silver nitrate
Reducing agent
Chickens which had been fed either a control or low-iodine diet were injected with graded doses of stable iodide; concentrations of serum iodide and newly entered thyroidal iodide and protein-bound iodine were measured at the end of 1 hr. T/S[I-], ratio of the concentration of iodide in the thyroid to that in an equivalent amount of serum, was initially independent of concentration of serum iodide as the latter was increased from low levels, then increased by a factor of 15–25, and finally declined to a value of <1. The concentration of proteinbound iodine increased progressively as thyroidal iodide increased; a minor, statistically significant decrease (Wolff-Chaikoff effect) occurred at relatively high levels of thyroidal iodide in birds fed the low-iodine diet but not in the control birds. (Endocrinology85:231,1969)
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Iodate
Supporting electrolyte
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Thyroid iodide was separated from organic iodine by gel electrophoresis of thyroid lobes 72 h after their labeling with radioiodine. Iodide thus measured accounted for 0.233% of total thyroid iodine, on the average. The lower and upper limits of the contribution of iodide due to a method artifact were established, respectively, by a second electrophoresis of thyroid lobes from which iodide had already been removed and by discharging transported iodide with perchlorate and blocking formation of iodide from organic precursors in vivo with 100 μmol mononitrotyrosine (MNT) and 20 mg propylthiouracil (PTU). They were thus found to be 0.042% and 0.064% of total thyroid iodine. In experiments in which iodide (corrected for 0.05% of the label taken to represent artifactitious iodide) averaged 0.131% of the total thyroid iodine, MNT lowered its level by 50%, perchlorate by 23%, and PTU by 15%. TSH (maximally effective dose, 1 IU) elevated thyroid iodide concentration within 1 h after its injection. Prior or concurrent administration of MNT reduced the thyroid iodide content of TSH-treated animals to a level as low as that in MNT-treated controls. The effect of MNT lasted for at least 6 h after a single injection. We conclude that thyroid iodide measured with our technique has several components: 1) an inevitable method artifact, 2) perchlorate- dischargeable transported iodide, and 3) intrathyroidally produced iodide, with a larger MNT-suppressible fraction (derived from iodotyrosines) and a smaller PTU-suppressible component (apparently originating from iodothyronines). Most of the iodide produced in response to TSH is the result of iodotyrosine dehalogenation.
Propylthiouracil
Perchlorate
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Methods are given to calculate the iodate equilibrium concentrations in aqueous solutions of iodine, containing additional iodide as well as the reaction times concerning the transformation of iodine to iodate. Using the results, which have been obtained evaluating in this manner solutions of triiodide (CI2 = CI- = 10(-6)--10(-1) M/l) as well as 0.03 M iodine solutions containing varying amounts of iodide (0--0.12 M/l) the following conclusions concerning the stability of iodine containing disinfecting agents can be made; 1. Below pH 6 a decrease of the disinfecting effectiveness owing to the formation of iodate can be excluded. 2. Above pH 7 the formation of iodate, whose extent depends extremely on the pH-value as well as the iodide concentration, has to be regarded very carefully. Raising the pH-value lowers the stability (iodate formation increases) while raising the iodide concentration improves the stability (iodate formation is reduced). 3. Because of the stabilizing effect of the iodide ion, provided that its concentration is high enough, the opposite effect of the pH-value can be overcompensated and as a result of this iodine containing agents can exhibit a stability sufficient for practice also in the weak alkaline range (pH less than 9).
Iodate
Triiodide
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Objective
To investigate the forms of water iodine in areas with excessive iodine in water of Henan Province.
Methods
From December 2013 to January 2014, 50 water plants in 4 cities (Puyang, Xinxiang, Kaifeng and Shangqiu cities) of Henan Province were selected from the areas with excessive iodine in water where iodized salt and centralized water supply were stopped for more than 5 years. In each selected water plant, 3 water samples were collected. I2-Starch Spectrophotometer was used to measure the iodine content and identify the forms of iodine in water samples.
Results
A total of 403 water samples were collected and ultimately 286 samples met the requirement (water iodine ≥80 μg/L). Among the 286 samples, iodine existed in the forms of iodide in 6 water samples, of both iodate and iodide in 139 water samples, and of iodate in 141 water samples. In water samples with iodine content lower than 150 μg/L, the proportions of forms of iodide and both iodate and iodide, were 26.67% (12/45) and 73.33% (33/45), respectively. In water samples with iodine content between 150-299 μg/L, the proportions of the forms of iodide, both iodate and iodide, and iodate, were 4.88% (6/123), 79.67% (98/123) and 24.39% (30/123), respectively. In water samples with iodine content higher than 300 μg/L, the proportions of the forms of iodide and both iodate and iodide, were 18.18% (2/11) and 81.81% (9/11), respectively.
Conclusions
In areas with excessive water iodine in Henan Province, iodine mainly exists in the forms of iodate, or both iodate and iodide. No sample is found to contain periodate.
Key words:
Drinking water; Iodine; Chemical, analysis
Iodate
Iodised salt
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Abstract A photocolorimetric method has been developed for the determination of small quantities of inorganic iodide in the presence of organically-bound iodine. The iodide-containing solution is treated with a mixed iodate-starch solution at an appropriate pH, when a stable blue colour is produced. The relationship between concentration of iodide and optical density is linear. The effect of various salts on the reaction has been investigated; the analytical application of the method to some iodine-containing drugs and pharmaceutical preparations has been studied. The reason for the failure of the colour reaction to obey Beer's law is discussed.
Iodate
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Some proponents of supplementation believe that products containing both iodine and iodide are therapeutically superior to iodide-only formulations. As a step toward evaluating this claim, we tested three commercially available products that list both iodine and iodide on the label, to determine their content.
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Iodate
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Rats were submitted to an iodine deficient diet during 6 months. At the end of this treatment, normal iodine diet was given to the animals during 16 days. For the first two days of iodine refeeding, thyroidal iodide was strongly stored, which is explained by a very stimulated iodide pump and by an iodination blockade. After this latency, the thyroidal iodide promptly decreased whereas iodide pump was always activated, and iodination still inhibited. A retroinhibition by thyroidal iodide on its active transport is postulated.
Iodine compounds
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