Activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in a "freshwater shrimp", Palaemonetes argentinus: ontogenetic changes and effects of salinity
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The ability of an aquatic organism to tolerate wide salinity variations without compromising life processes is termed euryhalinity. This capability requires physiological, biochemical and ecological adaptations. Strategies permitting euryhaline decapods to inhabit aquatic environments with variable salinities have been studied almost exclusively in adults. Although also larval stages have recently received an increasing attention, the salinity tolerance of embryonic stages has remained little known (1). Embryos, larvae and adults of the shrimp Palaemonetes argentinus tolerate a wide range of salinities (1-~25), but osmoregulatory capacities have been demonstrated only in post-embryonic developmental stages (2; 3). As in most other crustaceans, little has been known about osmoregulation during the embryonic phase.Keywords:
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Asian seabass (or commonly known as barramundi), Lates calcarifer, is a bony euryhaline teleost from the Family Latidae, inhabiting nearshore, estuarine, and marine connected freshwaters throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific region. The species is catadromous, whereby adults spawn in salinities between 28 and 34 ppt at the mouth of estuaries, with resultant juveniles usually moving into brackish and freshwater systems to mature, before returning to the sea to spawn again as adults. The species lives in both marine and freshwater habitats and can move quickly between the two; thus, the species’ ability to tolerate changes in salinity makes it a good candidate for studying the salinity acclimation response in teleosts. In this study, the transcriptome of two major osmoregulatory organs (gills and kidneys) of young juvenile Asian seabass reared in freshwater and seawater were compared. The euryhaline nature of Asian seabass was found to be highly pliable and the moldability of the trait was further confirmed by histological analyses of gills and kidneys. Differences in major expression pathways were observed, with differentially expressed genes including those related to osmoregulation, tissue/organ morphogenesis, and cell volume regulation as central to the osmo-adaptive response. Additionally, genes coding for mucins were upregulated specifically under saline conditions, whereas several genes important for growth and development, as well as circadian entrainment were specifically enriched in fish reared in freshwater. Routing of the circadian rhythm mediated by salinity changes could be the initial step in salinity acclimation and possibly migration in euryhaline fish species such as the Asian seabass.
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AB Aquatic Biology Contact the journal Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections AB 12:249-260 (2011) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00341 Growth, tolerance to low salinity, and osmoregulation in decapod crustacean larvae Gabriela Torres1,2,*, Luis Giménez1, Klaus Anger2 1School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, LL59 5AB, UK 2Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Foundation Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, 27498 Helgoland, Germany *Email: g.torres@bangor.ac.uk ABSTRACT: Marine invertebrate larvae suffer high mortality due to abiotic and biotic stress. In planktotrophic larvae, mortality may be minimised if growth rates are maximised. In estuaries and coastal habitats however, larval growth may be limited by salinity stress, which is a key factor selecting for particular physiological adaptations such as osmoregulation. These mechanisms may be energetically costly, leading to reductions in growth. Alternatively, the metabolic costs of osmoregulation may be offset by the capacity maintaining high growth at low salinities. Here we attempted identify general response patterns in larval growth at reduced salinities by comparing 12 species of decapod crustaceans with differing levels of tolerance to low salinity and differing osmoregulatory capability, from osmoconformers to strong osmoregulators. Larvae possessing tolerance to a wider range in salinity were only weakly affected by low salinity levels. Larvae with a narrower tolerance range, by contrast, generally showed reductions in growth at low salinity. The negative effect of low salinity on growth decreased with increasing osmoregulatory capacity. Therefore, the ability to osmoregulate allows for stable growth. In euryhaline larval decapods, the capacity to maintain high growth rates in physically variable environments such as estuaries appears thus to be largely unaffected by the energetic costs of osmoregulation. KEY WORDS: Biomass growth · Crustacean larvae · Physiological plasticity · Osmoregulation · Osmotic stress · Salinity Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Torres G, Giménez L, Anger K (2011) Growth, tolerance to low salinity, and osmoregulation in decapod crustacean larvae. Aquat Biol 12:249-260. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00341 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AB Vol. 12, No. 3. Online publication date: June 01, 2011 Print ISSN: 1864-7782; Online ISSN: 1864-7790 Copyright © 2011 Inter-Research.
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Crustaceans are predominantly marine organisms. Although many have become independent of seawater, completing their entire life cycles in freshwater, others still appear to be invading this medium, as suggested by their larval developmental sequence being dependent on brackish water and by their characteristic metabolic, osmotic and ion regulatory mechanisms. Several biogenic amines have been proved to be involved in the osmoregulatory mechanisms of various decapods crustaceans.
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Most Decapods species of the crustacean have comprehensive capacity of osmoregulation,and can adapt to a wide range of ambient salinties.It is significant to further understand the underlying mechanisms of their comprehensive ability of ambient salinities and helpful for the inland culture of some marine species by studying the osmoregulation and adaptive capacity of these species to ambient salinity changes.Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis,has been well studied in many aspects related to the physiological responses to ambient salinity changes,and many useful literatures and findings have been accumulated.Therefore,E.sinensis could be regarded as an animal model for researching on osmoregulation mechanism of Decapods species.The current research on osmoregulation of E.sinensis is reviewed in the following aspects: 1) Effects of salinity on development,growth and energy metabolism of E.sinensis.At present,effects of salinity on larval development,growth and survival rates of different periods of larva and juvenile E.sinensis have been studied.Larval development of E.sinensis needs saline water,and therefore it can tolerate certain levels of ambient salinity.From zoea to megalopa,the salinity tolerance gradually increases.And at the juvenile period,they are able to adapt to freshwater environment.All these results can provide reference for juvenile crab cultivation.Respiration and excretion are basic physiological activities of energy metabolism in animals,and can reflect the physiological status of animals.Changes of environmental conditions(such as salinity) can lead to changes of energy metabolism,which is reflected by changes of oxygen consumption rate,CO2 production rate,ammonia-N excretion rate,O/N ratio,respiratory quotient and C/N ratio etc;2) Osmoregulation organs: gills are very important organs and play a prominent role in osmoregulation and ion transport.Antennal gland also can regulate the osmotic pressure,and maintain the balance of acid-base;3) Ion transport and regulation: including ion transport enzymes(such as Na+-K+-ATPase,V-type H+-ATPase,carbonic anhydrase and HCO3-ATPase),ion transport pathway and neuroendocrine control.Neuroendocrine system could regulate ion transport of epithelial cells in the gill by neurotransmitters releasing signals.Bioamines,cAMP,PKC and CaM have been proved to take part in the regulation of ion transport;4) Haemolymph composition.E.sinensis has the ability to adapt to different salinities by adjusting haemolymph coposition in order to maintain normal life activities.Haemolymph concentration of ion and free amino acids,accompanied by metabolites of blood(such as protein,carbohydrate and lipid) also contribute to haemolymph osmotic pressure;5) Effects of environmental irritants on osmoregulation of E.sinensis.Some environmental irritants(such as heavy metals and toxic substances) could impair osmoregulation.Meanwhile,this paper proposes some suggestions for future research: 1) To strengthen the research on the role and mechanism of antennal gland in osmoregulation;2) To further study the effects of salinity on energy metabolism of E.sinensis;3) The changes of nutrient metabolism(such as amino acid,carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) in the process of osmoregulation need to be further identified;4) To research on the relevant nutrition metabolic enzymes and their functions in osmoregulation of E.sinensis;5) To interpret the molecular mechanism of osmoregulation by molecular biology methods.
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Summary Salinity is an ecological key factor in the life of estuarine and coastal plankton, and hence, also in the biology of meroplanktonic decapod crustacean larvae. Its influence has been documented in all principal aspects of larval biology including survival, development, morphology, the moulting cycle, growth, feeding, metabolism, energy partitioning, and behaviour. In this review, detrimental effects of osmotic stress on decapod larvae are exemplified; and interactions with other environmental variables such as temperature or toxic pollutants, or with intrinsic phenomena such as the moulting cycle are shown. Putative relationships between osmoregulatory patterns and the metabolic response to salinity variation are proposed.
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AB Aquatic Biology Contact the journal Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections AB 7:113-122 (2009) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00183 Evolutionary transition to freshwater by ancestral marine palaemonids: evidence from osmoregulation in a tide pool shrimp Alessandra Augusto1, Adriana Silva Pinheiro2, Lewis Joel Greene3, Helen Julie Laure3, John Campbell McNamara2,* 1Centro de Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP 14870-810, Brazil 2Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil 3Centro de Química de Proteínas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-040, Brazil *Corresponding author. Email: mcnamara@ffclrp.usp.br ABSTRACT: The transition from marine/brackish waters to freshwater habitats constitutes a severe osmotic and ionic challenge, and successful invasion has demanded the selection of morphological, physiological, biochemical and behavioral adaptations. We evaluated short-term (1 to 12 h exposure) and long-term (5 d acclimation), anisosmotic extracellular (osmolality, [Na+, Cl–]) and long-term isosmotic intracellular osmoregulatory capability in Palaemon northropi, a neotropical intertidal shrimp. P. northropi survives well and osmo- and ionoregulates strongly during short- and long-term exposure to 5–45‰ salinity, consistent with its rocky tide pool habitat subject to cyclic salinity fluctuations. Muscle total free amino acid (FAA) concentrations decreased by 63% in shrimp acclimated to 5‰ salinity, revealing a role in hypoosmotic cell volume regulation; this decrease is mainly a consequence of diminished glycine, arginine and proline. Total FAA contributed 31% to muscle intracellular osmolality at 20‰, an isosmotic salinity, and decreased to 13% after acclimation to 5‰. Gill and nerve tissue FAA concentrations remained unaltered. These tissue-specific responses reflect efficient anisosmotic and anisoionic extracellular regulatory mechanisms, and reveal the dependence of muscle tissue on intracellular osmotic effectors. FAA concentration is higher in P. northropi than in diadromous and hololimnetic palaemonids, confirming muscle FAA concentration as a good parameter to evaluate the degree of adaptation to dilute media. The osmoregulatory capability of P. northropi may reflect the potential physiological capacity of ancestral marine palaemonids to penetrate into dilute media, and reveals the importance of evaluating osmoregulatory processes in endeavors to comprehend the invasion of dilute media by ancestral marine crustaceans. KEY WORDS: Freshwater invasion · Marine–freshwater transition · Physiological adaptation · Osmotic and ionic regulation · Free amino acids · Palaemonid shrimp · Palaemon northropi Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Augusto A, Silva Pinheiro A, Greene LJ, Laure HJ, McNamara JC, (2009) Evolutionary transition to freshwater by ancestral marine palaemonids: evidence from osmoregulation in a tide pool shrimp. Aquat Biol 7:113-122. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00183 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AB Vol. 7, No. 1-2. Online publication date: October 22, 2009 Print ISSN: 1864-7782; Online ISSN: 1864-7790 Copyright © 2009 Inter-Research.
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Decapod crustaceans which successfully invade habitats with hypo-osmotic conditions must show strong hyper-osmoregulatory capacities, stable growth also at reduced salinities, strongly differentiated ion-transporting tissues, high activities of Na+-K+-ATPase, and an enhanced expression of mRNA encoding for the Na+-K+-ATPase -subunit. Ontogenetic changes in the patterns of osmoregulation occurring under constant laboratory conditions reflect characteristic changes in the environmental conditions faced by the successive developmental stages in nature.
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