Analyses of fascicle length and pennation angle.
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Fascicle
The length-tension relationship affects knee extension performance; however, whether anatomical variations in different quadriceps regions affect this relationship is unknown. Regional (proximal, middle, distal) quadriceps thickness (MT), pennation angle, and fascicle length of 24 males (48 limbs) were assessed via ultrasonography. Participants also performed maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) assessments at 40°, 70°, and 100° of knee flexion. Measures were recorded on 3 separate occasions. Linear regression models predicting angle-specific torque from regional anatomy provided adjusted simple and multiple correlations (√adjR2) with bootstrapped compatibility limits to assess magnitude. Middle vastus lateralis MT and MVIT at 100° (√adjR2 = 0.64) was the largest single correlation, with distal vastus lateralis MT having the greatest mean correlations regardless of angle (√adjR2 = 0.61 ± 0.05, mean ± SD). Lateral distal MT and architecture had larger (Δ√adjR2 = 0.01 to 0.43) single and multiple correlations with MVIT than the lateral proximal (√adjR2 = 0.15 to 0.69 vs -0.08 to 0.65). Conversely, middle anterior MT had greater (Δ√adjR2 = 0.08 to 0.38) single and multiple correlations than proximal MT (√adjR2 = 0.09 to 0.49 vs -0.21 to 0.14). The length-tension relationship was trivially affected by regional quadriceps architecture. The middle and distal quadriceps were the strongest predictors of MVIT at all joint angles. Therefore, researchers may wish to focus on middle and distal lateral quadriceps anatomy when performing ultrasonographic evaluations. Novelty: The length-tension relationship is minimally affected by regional quadriceps anatomical parameters. Middle and distal vastus lateralis and lateral vastus intermedius anatomy were consistently the best predictors of torque. Practitioners may focus their assessments on the middle and distal regions of the lateral quadriceps' musculature.
Muscle architecture
Fascicle
Quadriceps muscle
Vastus lateralis muscle
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Muscle architecture
Weight lifting
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The purpose of this project was to examine the relationship between the pennation angle (α) and the index of architecture (ia) of muscle. Muscle pennation angle is a very important parameter in the study of muscle mechanics. Generally, a muscle with a greater pennation angle will have a narrower force-length relationship. The ia has been employed as an indicator of α (1-2). This index is defined as the ratio of muscle fiber length (lf) to muscle belly length (lm). However, as shown inFigure 1 two muscles can have differentia values (same lf, differentlm) even though the muscle fibers are parallel (sameα). This is confirmed in the data of Yamaguchi et al.(3), who present 120 sets of data withlf, lm and α from 41 muscles. Results of regression analysis of these data show that the ia itself is only partially related to muscle fiber length(ia=3.6762*lf, R2 =0.6480). The data also indicate that ia is not an appropriate representative of the pennation angle(l/ia=0.367*α, R2=0.5865). Muscle morphology and mechanical considerations suggest that pennation angle will have a greater impact than ia on the shape of force-length relationship. This suggests one should use pennation angle rather than the index of architecture in modeling the muscle force-length relationship.Figure 1.
Muscle architecture
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Fascicle
Vastus lateralis muscle
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This paper reviews three of our recent studies on human muscle architecture in vivo. 1. Hypertrophic changes: From B-mode ultrasonograms, pennation angles and thickness of triceps brachii were determined for normal subjects and highly-trained bodybuilders. There was a significant correlation between muscle thickness and pennation angles. It was confirmed that hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase in pennation angles. 2. Variation of fascicle architecture: Fascicle lengths and pennation angles were obtained from different positions in the gastrocnemius muscle while the subjects relaxed and performed isometric plantar flexion. The fascicle length was uniform throughout the muscle and shortened by contraction (30-34% at 50% of the maximal force). On the other hand, pennation angles differed among positions and increased by contraction. The muscle thickness did not change by contraction. Pen-nation angles were significantly correlated with muscle thickness within muscle. 3. Joint position-fascicle length relationships: Ultrasonic images of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were obtained while the subject performed maximal isometric plantarflexion at various joint positions, from which fascicle lengths and angles were determined. The length-force relationship of each muscle was estimated. It was suggested that human muscle architecture has an ability to make substantial changes to adapt to environmental conditions.
Fascicle
Muscle architecture
Muscle belly
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The pennated arrangement of muscle fibers has important implications for muscle function in vivo, but complex arrangement of muscle fascicles in whole muscle raises the question whether the arrangement of fascicles produce variations in pennation angle throughout muscle. The purpose of this study was to describe the variability in pennation angle observed throughout the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two cadaveric muscles were scanned in a 14.1 tesla MRI unit. Muscles were divided into slices and pennation angle was measured in the same representative location throughout the muscle in each slice for the medial-lateral and anterior posterior-image planes. Data showed large nonuniform variation in pennation angles throughout the muscles. For example, for cadaver 2, pennation angle in 287 planes along the medial-lateral axis ranged from 3.2° to 22.6°, while for the anterior-posterior axis, in 237 planes it ranged from 3.1° to 24.5°. The nonnormal distribution of pennation angles along each axis suggests a more complex distribution of fascicles than is assumed when a single pennation angle is used to represent an entire muscle. This distribution indicates that a single pennation angle may not accurately describe the arrangement of muscle fascicles in whole muscle.
Cadaveric spasm
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本研究では, 筋厚, 羽状角, 筋線維長に及ぼす年齢の影響を性差との関連で検討することを目的とした.外側広筋 (VL) , 腓腹筋内側頭 (MG) 及び上腕三頭筋長頭 (TB) の筋束と羽状角を超音波Bモード法により測定し, 筋線維長を推定した.VLについては, 体肢長あたりの筋厚及び羽状角について高年齢群が他の2群よりも有意に低い値を示した.MG及びTBについては, 体肢長あたりの筋厚及び羽状角ともに年齢による差はみられなかった.体肢長あたりの筋線維長については, 年齢による差は認められなかったものの, VLとMGにおいて女性が男性よりも長い傾向がみられた.このような加齢に伴う筋形状の変化の部位差は, 日常生活における使用頻度やトレーナビリテイの相違を反映していることが示唆された.
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INTRODUCTION: Forward dynamics simulations are important tools in biomechanics research but the accuracy of the muscle model parameters (such as pennation angle, optimal fiber length, force-velocity relationship, etc.) is critical for realistic force and joint moment estimations. The pennation angle in particular determines the efficiency of force transmission to the tendon. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the modeled triceps surae complex and its predicted maximum moment using a computer based musculoskeletal model when incorporating in vivo measured pennation angle values.
METHODS: The Software for Interactive Musculoskeletal Modeling (SIMM) (Delp et al., 1990) was used to obtain the triceps surae maximum isometric moment at ankle angles of -15o (dorsiflexion), 0o (neutral ankle position), +150 and +300 (plantarflexion). Moments were estimated using pennation angle values a) based on literature pennation angle data used normally in the SIMM model and b) from in vivo pennation angle measurements. Pennation angle measurements were taken using ultrasonography (Esaote Biomedica, Italy) from gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis and soleus in six males during maximum isometric plantarflexions using an electromechanical dynamometer (Lido Active, Loredan Biomedical, USA) at ankle angles of -15o, 0o, +15o and +30o.
RESULTS: The estimated triceps surae moment using cadaveric pennation angle data were approximately 122 Nm, 85 Nm, 17 Nm and 0 Nm at ankle angles of - 15o, 0o, +15o and +30o respectively. The corresponding estimated moments taken incorporating the experimentally observed pennation angles in the model were approximately 106 Nm, 72, Nm, 17 Nm and 0 Nm. Substantially overestimated moment values at ankle angles of -15o (15%) and 0o (18%) were obtained when using cadaveric pennation angle data from the literature compared with the model moment predictions taken incorporating in vivo pennation angle data.
CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that a realistic model estimation of the moment generating capacity around a joint requires the incorporation of changes in the muscle pennation angle occurring during contraction.
REFERENCES:
Delp, S., Bleck, E., Zajac, F., Bollini, G. (1990). An Interactive, Graphics-Based
Model of the Lower Extremity to Study Orthopaedic Surgical Procedures. IEEE
Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 37, 757-767.
Biomechanics
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