Transcritome analysis of Botryococcus braunii Race A and Race B to identify the enzymes involved in biodiesel biosynthesis
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Biodiesel has turned into the need of the hour with the massively expanding transportation sector. With the shrinking scope of fossil fuel reliance newer options such as green plants were targeted as the alternative source. The first and second generation biofuel resources comprised the edible and non-edible plants. Since these plants were competing with the food and land availability the third generation biofuel source was selected meticulously to overcome these disadvantages. Thus algae were the ultimate choice as its growth requirements were limited to marine or freshwater, least fertile terrain and sunlight. Several algal species, including both macroalgae and microalgae are studied extensively for their hydrocarbon producing capacity. Sargassum, Chlorella vulgaris, Botryococcus braunii, Chlamydomonas and Desmococcus olivaceous are some of the algal species which are targeted for various reasons. Botryococcus braunii is a green, microalgae known for its high hydrocarbon content. In this study, we have attempted to analyze the transcriptome data of two races of B braunii. The transcriptome data was subject to pre-processing as it contains some low quality reads. After the quality check the obtained high quality reads were assembled using Trinity transcriptome assembler. The short reads were assembled into contigs. These contigs were further annotated using BlastX. The reads with the homologous hits were analyzed for the presence of enzymes involved in the hydrocarbon biosynthesis. Hence, in this study, we were able to map the transcripts corresponding to the enzymes involved in various pathways. Keywords: Algae, Biodiesl, Botryococcus braunii , NGS, Transcriptome. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Locomotion is vital for human survival, hence fuel consumption in the transport sector ranges up to 80% of total fuel usage. The demographic growth and fuel accessibility are continually being contrarily corresponding. In recent times fuel has become the symbol of economic threat as India imports 90% of crude oil from oil producing countries [1]. To handle this disparity the quest for alternative fuel resources have coordinated towards the green assets, the plants and green growth. The initial two generations of biodiesel sources were the edible and non-edible plants [2]. The sources were rivaling nourishment yields and land accessibility. Presently, the third generation biofuel resources are centered towards the microalgal biomass [3]. Green growth can develop effortlessly in less fertile terrains with the accessibility to daylight and water. This allowed researchers to characterize the algae and optimize methods for their growth. Algae with a total of 139,704 species as reported in Algabase [url http://www.algaebase.org/] has been classified into macroalgae and microalgae. According to 2012 reports, researchers across the globe have started investigatingKeywords:
Botryococcus braunii
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The article highlights the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. Northern Polesia has been and still remains the most polluted area. Full scale and limited economic activity is carried out on part of the contaminated territories. The zone of radioactive contamination includes half of the territory of this region, one third of the agricultural land and almost the same amount of the arable land. 9 districts, 734 towns and villages are located within the zone of radioactive contamination. In the long-term period after the disaster the situation in contaminated areas has improved and become predictable due to natural processes of recovery and implementation of countermeasures based on results of monitoring. However, until today regions of Ukrainian Polesia continue to produce agricultural products which do not meet the requirements of government regulations concerning the content of radionuclides in food and appear to present a threat to consumers. To assess the accumulation of 137Cs in plant products, we investigated the activity of these radionuclides in potatoes, vegetables, root crops and grains, and calculated the ratios of its transition from the ground to the products, which helped evaluate the intensity and amount of accumulation of radionuclides during the completion of the half-life period of 137Cs and evaluate the radiological situation in the northern regions of Polesia. The density of soil contamination with 137Cs and its specific activity in plant products grown on private plots were studied in three different districts of Zhytomyr region: Narodychi, Korosten and Ovruch. Analysis of the density of soil pollution with the 137Cs isotopes in the Northern part of Zhytomyr region in the post-disaster period shows that even 30 years after the tragedy, significant areas of arable land under certain conditions remain potentially dangerous on account of contaminated plant products. The specific activity of 137Cs in plant products grown on private plots was studied in residential places where soil contamination was detected. In particular, the list of studied crops included: potato tubers, white cabbage, fresh tomatoes, table beets, carrots, onions, beans, oat grains, corn grains. The most critical were populated areas located in zone II – village Vystupovychi of Ovruch district, village Loznytsia and village Khrystynivka of Narodychi district. In these settlements an excess of DR-2006 in plant products was noted despite the fact that an excess over the maximum permissible level of density of soil pollution was not observed. In decreasing order by the amount of CT 137Cs, we ranked crops as follows: beans > table beets > carrots > potato tubers > corn grains ˃ oats grains > white cabbage > onions > fresh tomatoes. For the population living on radioactively contaminated territories, plant products grown on private plots have been and still remain the main source of 137Cs radionuclides entering the body.
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Bioethanol is produced from different source, they have their own application and limitation, and their study is related to fermentation process. In this era ethanol production is not a big approach, but when using some renewable source, it may affect in fuel world. This type of studies have revealed to a novel side of innovation world. Bioethanol from algae feedstock are the “third generation” of biofuel to be known as one of the most important renewable energy source. Today, global demand of ethanol generate the opportunity to explore new renewable biomass sources. Microalgae are a promising alternative source of lipid for biodiesel production but certain algae are rich in carbohydrates of various forms. They provide viable feedstock for fermentation to ethanol. Algae have shorter growth cycle as compared to other plant, hence the algae is a very promising source of biomass for the production of biofuels and also reduce in climate change effects. The review mainly focus on researches related to the bioethanol production, where the algae have acted as a most fast growing supporter of bioethanol and also define the bioethanol production potentially higher than other crops.
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In the view of faster rates of depletion of fossil fuels and increased energy demand the world is looking for clean alternate fuels. Many researchers are exploring new ways of exploring the potent fuels like biofuels from various sources. The most used sources for the production of biofuels are the plants. Due to the inconsistency and cost effectiveness of the production of seeds for biodiesel production, the attention is now shifted to many other natural resources. Our rich source of algal and planktonic wealth has been providing niche for satisfying the future demands. A meagre amount of work has been carried out in this potential area, interms of exploring the new resources of algal & planktonic wealth. Out of many algal species like Monalithus Salina, Botrycoccus braunii, Dunliella primolecta, Chlorella vulgaris Botrycoccus braunii which yields a percentage of about 75 which is a suitable in production of biodiesel 1 . This article provides the information in detail about the potential algal sources & the procedures for separation of lipids and other hydrocarbons from different algal species and their importance.
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The rising level of pollution and depleting fossil fuels has compelled every nation to seek a clean and abundant fuel source. Thus the demand for clean energy increases concerning the development of industrialization. With a clean, abundant fuel like algae biofuel, this demand can be counteracted. The main motivation behind this research is that a person as simple as a farmer can be profited along with this fuel preparation. This algae biofuel will be one of the key tools to attain sustainable development in the Energy and environment sectors. As algae species are so vast and almost present in every habitat, algae can be used as biomass for biofuel preparation and their nutritional values and ability to perform photosynthesis must be mentioned here. Being a tropical country, India has a great potential to indulge in algae biofuel generation to meet the energy demands. Among the most commonly available and known species of algae, three species were selected for this study. They are Spirogyra sp, Chlorella sp, and Spirulina sp. The process used here is anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis for the extraction of fuel content from the biomass. Among the cultures, chlorella seems to have the best potential for biodiesel production both in terms of nutrients and maintenance & yield and spirogyra for biogas production. Thus the mass culture of chlorella can be done by any person and biomass yield can be matched with the demand for biodiesel production. Although spirogyra undergoes anaerobic digestion and yields biogas, the yield rate was not up to the level of conventional biomass sources for biogas production. Biomasses termed as waste like agricultural, cattle dung and other putrescible wastes are most suitable for biogas production because as it a resource from waste i.e. free from culturing, maintenance, expenses, etc
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Continuous depletion of petroleum based fossil fuels and their negative impact on environment in terms of CO2 accumulation have led to development of alternative, renewable and carbon neutral biofuels. Biodiesel has attracted intensive attention as an important biofuel. Biodiesel from microalgae appear to be the most promising renewable biofuel that can potentially completely substitute petroleum based fossil fuels. Microalgae are one of the most efficient photosynthetic plants on the earth with lipid-rich composition and rapid rate of reproduction. In comparison to other energy crops like soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, Jatropha, neem etc. Several species of algae have many advantages like higher per acre productivity, higher oil content and can grow in non-productive and non arable lands. However, several other biofuels can be produced from microalgae which include methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass, photobiologically produced biohydrogen and carbon-neutral electricity by burning of algal coal (dried algal biomass) with fossil coals in conventional power plants.
Different factors like the light of proper intensity and wavelength, CO2 concentration, temperature, nutrient composition, salinities and mixing conditions, the choice of cultivation systems, photo bioreactors etc. influence the efficiency of microalgae biomass production that need to be studied for making the microalgae biodiesel economical and sustainable. Huge efforts are being made to address these issues in developed countries. India in spite of being one of the major producers of algae is yet to start such type of research and development activities on algal biofuel. This paper reviews the potential of microalgae to produce a variety of biofuel including biodiesel and biogas with integrated approach for energy, environment and agriculture.
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Global increases in atmospheric CO2 and climate change are drawing considerable attention to identify sources of energy with lower environmental impact than those currently in use. Biodiesel production from microalgae lipids can, in the future, occupy a prominent place in energy generation because it represents a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based fuels. Several species of microalgae produce large amounts of lipids per biomass unit. Triacylglycerol is the fatty acid used for biodiesel production and the main source of energy reserves in microalgae. The current literature indicates that nutrient limitations can lead to triacylglycerol accumulation in different species of microalgae. Further efforts in microalgae screening for biodiesel production are needed to discover a native microalgae that will be feasible for biodiesel production in terms of biomass productivity and oil. This revision focuses in the biotechnological potential and viability of biodiesel production from microalgae. Brazil is located in a tropical region with high light rates and adequate average temperatures for the growth of microalgae. The wide availability of bodies of water and land will allow the country to produce renewable energy from microalgae.
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