Function of the human gut microbiota.
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Energy homeostasis
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During the weaning transition of pigs compromising alterations in gastrointestinal architecture are common.After weaning the extent of alterations in gastrointestinal architecture is different 42.piglets were selected from pigs weaned at28days old to determine the alterations in gastrointestinal architecture during7days post weaning.Intestinal samples were taken from proximal small intestine midsmall intestine and distal small intestine.Every day from d0to d6postwaning.Villus height and crypt depth were measured the data demonstrated that during the first4d postweaning.Villus height shortened and crypt depth deepened.And Villus height was shortest on d4postweaning and began to return on d5postweaning.
Large intestine
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Homeostasis
Energy homeostasis
Nutrient Sensing
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Intestinal villus
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The control of energy homeostasis in women is correlated with the anorectic effects of oestrogen, which can attenuate body weight gain and reduce food intake in rodent models. This review investigates the multiple signalling pathways and cellular targets that oestrogen utilises to control energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus. Oestrogen affects all of the hypothalamic nuclei that control energy homeostasis. Oestrogen controls the activity of hypothalamic neurones through gene regulation and neuronal excitability. Oestrogen's primary cellular pathway is the control of gene transcription through the classical oestrogen receptors (ERs) (ERalpha and ERbeta) with ERalpha having the primary role in energy homeostasis. Oestrogen also controls energy homeostasis through membrane-mediated events via membrane-associated ERs or a novel, putative membrane ER that is coupled to G-proteins. Therefore, oestrogen is coupled to at least two receptors with multiple signalling and transcriptional pathways to mediate immediate and long-term anorectic effects. Ultimately, it is the interactions of all the receptor-mediated processes in hypothalamus and other areas of the central nervous system that will determine the anorectic effects of oestrogen and its control of energy homeostasis.
Energy homeostasis
Homeostasis
Anorectic
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Energy homeostasis
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Chronic Stress
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Energy homeostasis
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Objective To study the effect of Ligustrazini on the morphology of rat small intestine in acute rediation enteritis Methods Twenty-two SD rats were randomly divided into three groups.To the control group(n=8)and ligustrazini group(n=8)whole abdominal radiation was performed,then physiologic saline and ligustrazini respectively were given peritoneal injection continuously for 7 days.The normal group(n=6)received no irradiation.Other indices were measured by using histochemical analysis,light microscopy and image analysis system.Results The ligustrazini group after radiation had a significant increase in gut protein and DNA content,villus height,crypt depth,the thickness of mucosa and entire wall and number of metaphase mitoses per crypt.Conclusion Ligustrazini can accelerate the healing of the injured small intestinal epithelium,maintain small the normal structure and function of the small intestine.
Radiation Enteritis
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Energy homeostasis
Homeostasis
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The hypothalamus is critical for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Genetic and pharmacologic studies have identified a number of key hypothalamic neuronal circuits that integrate signals controlling food intake and energy expenditure. Recently studies have begun to emerge demonstrating a role for non-neuronal cell types in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In particular the potential importance of different glial cell types is increasingly being recognized. A number of studies have described changes in the activity of hypothalamic macroglia (principally astrocytes and tanycytes) in response to states of positive and negative energy balance, such as obesity and fasting. This article will review these studies and discuss how these findings are changing our understanding of the cellular mechanisms by which energy homeostasis is regulated.
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