ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OF CERAMIC MEMBRANE REACTOR SYSTEMS FOR CONVERTING NATURAL GAS TO HYDROGEN AND SYNTHESIS GAS FOR LIQUID TRANSPORTATION FUELS DE-FC26-97FT96052
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Air Products, in collaboration with the U.S. DOE and other partners, is developing ceramic membrane technology for the generation of hydrogen and synthesis gas. These membranes are non-porous, multi-component metallic oxides that operate at high temperatures and have exceptionally high oxygen flux and selectivities. Such membranes are known as Ion Transport Membranes, or ITMs. Synthesis gas is an important intermediate product required for the production of liquid transportation fuels from natural gas. Preliminary cost estimates indicate that ceramic membrane reactors could decrease the capital cost for syngas by more than one third. This reduction would have a very significant impact on the costs of liquid transportation fuels derived from natural gas. Work still in progress also shows significant potential savings for hydrogen production, especially for production capacities appropriate for hydrogen based fuel cell applications. This paper defines ITMs and explains how they work. The paper also identifies the major program goals and summarizes our progress. The overall program objectives and schedule are also presented.Keywords:
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Manufacturing of hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels is needed for a variety of applications. These applications include fuel cells used in stationary electric power production and in vehicular propulsion. Hydrogen can also be used for various combustion engine systems. There is a wide range of requirements on the capacity of the hydrogen manufacturing system, the purity of the hydrogen fuel, and capability for rapid response. The overall objectives of a hydrogen manufacturing facility are to operate with high availability at the lowest possible cost and to have minimal adverse environmental impact. Plasma technology has potential to significantly alleviate shortcomings of conventional means of manufacturing hydrogen. These shortcomings include cost and deterioration of catalysts; limitations on hydrogen production from heavy hydrocarbons; limitations on rapid response; and size and weight requirements. In addition, use of plasma technology could provide for a greater variety of operating modes in particular the possibility of virtual elimination Of C0{sub 2} production by pyrolytic operation. This mode of hydrogen production may be of increasing importance due to recent additional evidence of global warming.
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power station. The benefits of this work will include the generation of a low-polluting transportable energy feedstock in an efficient method that has little or no implication for greenhouse gas emissions from a primary energy source whose availability and sources are domestically controlled. This will help to ensure energy for a future transportation/energy infrastructure that is not influenced/controlled by foreign governments. This report describes work accomplished during the second year (Phase 2) of a three year project whose objective is to ''define an economically feasible concept for production of hydrogen, by nuclear means, using an advanced high temperature nuclear reactor as the energy source.'' The emphasis of the first year (Phase 1) was to evaluate thermochemical processes which offer the potential for efficient, cost-effective, large-scale production of hydrogen from water, in which the primary energy input is high temperature heat from an advanced nuclear reactor and to select one (or, at most, three) for further detailed consideration. Phase 1 met its goals and did select one process, the sulfur-iodine process, for investigation in Phases 2 and 3. The combined goals of Phases 2 and 3 were to select the advanced nuclear reactor best suited to driving the selected thermochemical process and to define the selected reactor and process to the point that capital costs, operating costs and the resultant cost of hydrogen can be estimated. During original contract negotiation, it was necessary to reduce work scope to meet funding limits. As a result, the reactor interface and process will not be iterated to the point that only hydrogen is produced. Rather, hydrogen and electricity will be co-generated and the hydrogen cost will be stated as a function of the electricity sales price.
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The world is bound to make a gradual shift from a hydrocarbon economy towards a hydrogen economy. This shift is being facilitated by the technological development in hydrogen energy that is occurring around the world. Gasification of biomass for generating biomass synthesis gas is a promising source for the distributed power generation concept as it is based on the local raw material supply. This concept has to be augmented by hydrogen fuel cell technology for modular, efficient and environmentally benign implementation. This provides the platform for looking at the option of separating hydrogen from biomass synthesis gas which is composed of H2, N2, CO, CO2, CH4, Tar, alkali traces and particulate matter at varying compositions depending on the biomass and operating conditions. This paper makes a critical review of the attempts made to reform and separate hydrogen through a hydrogen permeable membrane reformer reactor as it provides the energy efficient route. The feasibility and various membranes from palladium to ceramic membranes used in the reactor configurations and the engineering problems of the reactor will be analyzed. The inherent problems in providing a one shot modular solution for solving the problem will be discussed in the paper.
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Future fossil fuel power generation is likely to include technologies which increase process efficiency and reduce its impact on the environment, for example, CO2 sequestration. Some of the key technologies identified for clean coal and natural gas combustion to produce power or hydrogen or both include O2 generation/separation, H2 and CO2 separation. Hydrogen is considered as a potentially excellent substitute for transport fuels due to the concern over dwindling oil reserves and global warming. This paper discusses various separation processes that may be used in the industrial production of hydrogen from fossil fuels, with an emphasis on membrane separation technologies. Membrane separation has the advantage over other separation methods in that it is simple and potentially less energy intensive. Depending on the particular separation process utilised, however, the membrane materials can differ substantially. The materials used for H2, O2 and CO2 separation are discussed and the major similarities and differences between the membranes highlighted. Critical design aspects of the membrane such as multiple phase design, nano-structure control, the need for surface layers and fabrication processes are also reviewed as they represent the areas where most research and development effort is likely to be directed in the future.
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Manufacturing of hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels is needed for a variety of applications. These applications include fuel cells used in stationary electric power production and in vehicular propulsion. Hydrogen can also be used for various combustion engine systems. There is a wide range of requirements on the capacity of the hydrogen manufacturing system, the purity of the hydrogen fuel, and capability for rapid response. The overall objectives of a hydrogen manufacturing facility are to operate with high availability at the lowest possible cost and to have minimal adverse environmental impact. Plasma technology has potential to significantly alleviate shortcomings of conventional means of manufacturing hydrogen. These shortcomings include cost and deterioration of catalysts; limitations on hydrogen production from heavy hydrocarbons; limitations on rapid response; and size and weight requirements. In addition, use of plasma technology could provide for a greater variety of operating modes; in particular the possibility of virtual elimination of CO{sub 2} production by pyrolytic operation. This mode of hydrogen production may be of increasing importance due to recent additional evidence of global warming.
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