EVALUATION OF DIRECT-SEEDED UPLAND RICE-BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS UNDER STRIP PLANTING GEOMETRY
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In a field study the biological efficiency of intercropping in direct-seeded upland rice was determined at the University of Agriculture Faisalabad for two consecutive years. The intercropping systems comprised rice alone, rice + maize, rice + sesbania, rice + mungbean and rice + pigeonpea. The rice was seeded in 75cm spaced 4 row strips (15/75 cm) while the intercrops as forage were seeded on the vacant spaces between the rice strips. The rice grain yield was decreased to a significant level by the forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87 %, with the maximum (25.87 %) by sesbania followed by pigeon pea (16.67) against the minimum (10.94 %) by maize intercrop. In terms of total rice grain yield equivalent (TRGYE), the highest TRGYE (6.45 tha) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 t ha ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 t ha) against the minimum (4.02 tha ) for monocropped rice clearly indicating yield advantages of intercropping over monocropping of rice. By contrast, the grain quality of rice was not affected significantly by different intercrops.Keywords:
Intercropping
Monocropping
Upland rice
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To evaluate the effects of rows of maize-pintobean, maize-soybean planted in strip intercropping and their sole croppings, an experiment using randomized complete block design with three replication, was conducted for two consecutive years at the Agricultural Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. Treatments were: A (intercropping of maize-pintobean, one row of each, B (intercropping of maize-pintobean, two rows of each), C (intercropping of maize-pintobean, three rows of each), D (intercropping of maize-soybean, two rows of each), E (intercropping of maize-soybean, two rows of each), F (intercropping of maize-soybean, three rows of each), G(sole cropping of maize), H (sole cropping of pintobean) and I (sole cropping of soybean). Experimental results showed that maize produced, in both years, highest (17818 kg/ha) using treatment D and lowest (15509 kg/ha) yields in treatment G. This indicates that maize produced higher yield in intercropping than sole cropping. Maize, also, produced highest yield in treatment D and lowest in treatment F. Pintobean had highest yield (2498 kg/ha) in treatment H and lowest (2073 kg/ha) in treatment A. Soybean, on the other hand, produced highest yield (4794 kg/ha) in treatment I and also lowest (3257 kg/ha) in treatment D. A a whole, it may be concluded that pintobean and soybean produce higher yield in sole cropping as compared to intercroppings.
Intercropping
Cropping system
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A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2006 and 2007 at the Regional Research Station, Wadura, Sopore (Jammu and Kashmir) to evaluate the production potential, biological feasibility and economic viability of intercropping of maize [Zea mays (L.)] with frenchbean [Vigna vulgaris (L.)], cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp], soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under 2-row proportions (1:1 and 2:2). The grain yield of sole maize was higher than the intercropping but the total grain equivalent yield of maize was highest (4.87 tonnes/ha) in maize + frenchbean ( 2:2 ) intercropping system. Intercropping of maize with frenchbean in 2:2 row proportion gave maximum monetary advantage (Rs 6 586/ha), net returns (Rs 16 462/ha), incomeequivalent ratio (1.38) and benefit : cost ratio (1.96) over other intercropping systems. This treatment accounted for maximum land-equivalent ratio (1.36), product of relative crowding co-efficient (Kg0.97) which proved the most efficient system. Intercropping increased available soil N and decreased both soil P and K compared to initial and available soil N, P and K content after sole maize at both the systems of sowing. Available soil N, P and K content varied with the kind of intercrops. However maize+soybean, followed by maize+cowpea system recorded the highest available soil N. P and K among various intercropping system.
Intercropping
Kharif crop
Radiata
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Rice is grown mostly through transplanting in India, in spite of the fact that transplanting is cumbersome practice and requires more labour. To overcome this problem, farmers are gradually switching over to direct seeding under unpuddled condition. Keeping these points in view an investigation on “Effect of establishment methods on yield and economics of dry direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)” was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University, Farm, Ranchi, Jharkhand, during the kharif seasons of 2015 and 2016 with the objectives to find out effect of different rice establishment methods on crop productivity and profitability of rice. The treatments comprised of six rice establishment methods- dry direct seeded rice (20cm x 15cm), dry direct seeded rice (broadcasted), aerobic rice (20cm apart), semi dry rice(20 cm apart), rice(line sowing 20cm apart) + Sesbania aculeata (broadcasted) and transplanted rice. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications with variety Naveen. The soil was clay loam in texture and slightly acidic in reaction (pH 6.2 both years) with organic carbon 4.2 and 4.4 g/kg of soil, available soil nitrogen 210.5 and 206.3 kg/h, available phosphorous 31.35 and 30.16 kg/ha, and available potassium 185.1 and 183.5 kg/ha during June 2015 and 2016 respectively. Results revealed that rice + Sesbania aculeata produced maximum grain yield (50.30 q/ha) with 177 filled grains per panicle and 23.83g/1000 grain weight which was significantly higher than either dry direct seeded rice broadcasting (36.08 q/ha), 20cm x 15cm line sowing (40.20 q/ha), aerobic rice (41.80 q/ha) and semi dry rice (42.20 q/ha) except normal transplanting (49.20 q/ha). Weed density increased with crop age and was significantly influenced by establishment methods. The maximum weed population per unit area at 90DAS was recorded with broadcasting method (68.0/m2) and minimum with rice + Sesbania aculeata (19.0/m2). Maximum net return (₹ 57991/ha) with B: C ratio (2.08) was recorded with rice + Sesbania aculeata.
Kharif crop
Transplanting
Panicle
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In a field study the biological efficiency of intercropping in direct seeded upland rice and its effect on residual soil fertility was determined at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for two consecutive years. The intercropping systems comprised rice alone, rice + maize, rice + sesbania, rice + mungbean, rice + ricebean, rice + cowpea and rice + pigeonpea. The rice was seeded in 75 cm spaced 4-row strips (15/75 cm) while the intercrops as forage were seeded on the vacant spaces between the rice strips. The results revealed that rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by forage intercrops compared to monocropped rice which varied from 10.94 to 25.87%, with the maximum (25.87%) by sesbania followed by pigeonpea (16.67) against the minimum (10.94%) by maize intercrop. In terms of total rice grain yield equivalent (TRGYE), the highest TRGYE (6.45 ton ha -1 ) was recorded for rice + forage maize intercropping system followed by rice + cowpea (5.08 ton ha -1 ) and rice + sesbania (4.92 ton ha -1 ) against the minimum (4.02 ton ha -1 ) for monocropped rice clearly indicating yield advantages of intercropping over monocropping of rice. Similarly the net field benefits obtained from different intercropping systems were considerably higher than the sole cropping of rice. The maximum net benefit of Rs.42325 ha -1 was recorded for rice + maize which is 37.32% more than sole rice followed by rice + cowpea (Rs.30885 ha -1 ) which is 14.03% higher than monocropping of rice (Rs.26526 ha -1 ). The results also revealed that residual soil nitrogen and organic matter was improved in all the intercropping systems except rice + maize intercropping system. However, the maximum increase in soil nitrogen (7.14%) was recorded for rice + sesbania intercropping system while the residual soil phosphorus and potassium were depleted in all the intercropping systems as compared to initial soil analysis.
Intercropping
Monocropping
Upland rice
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Das AK, Khaliq QA, Haider ML (2013) Effect of planting configurations on yield and yield components in maize + soybean and maize + bushbean intercropping system. Int. J. Expt. Agric. 3(1), 38-45. This intercropping experiment was planned under the concept of cereal + legume intercropping system to find out the effect of intercropping on the yields and yield parameters of the component crops under maize + soybean and maize + bushbean intercropping system at different planting configurations. During the experiment the data on yield parameters of the component crops were recorded under sole cropping and intercropped conditions. Yield and yield components were significantly influenced by the crop combination and planting configurations. Intercropping reduced the yield in component crops. The highest yields were obtained in sole crops compared to those in intercrops. In maize the highest plant height (210.66cm), longest cob (21.15 cm) and highest grain yield (7.03 t ha -1 ) was recorded in sole cropping maize. Variation in grains cob -1 and 1000- seed was found insignificant. Maize equivalent yield was the highest (8.26 t ha -1 ) in maize-bushbean intercropping at single row arrangement of maize. Plant height in soybean and bushbean was increased by intercropping with maize. Pods plant -1 , seeds pod -1 , pod length in soybean and bushbean were significantly reduced under intercropping condition. But intercropping increased the seed size in soybean and bushbean. The 100- seeds weight in soybean was the highest (14.50 g) in maize + soybean intercropping at paired row arrangement of maize. In bushbean it was the highest (19.13 g) in maize + bushbean intercropping at single row arrangement.
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An experiment entitled “Weed control efficiency of intercropping legume in maize” was conducted at New Developmental Farm, Agricultural University Peshawar during Kharif 2009. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications comprising of 13 different treatments viz; Maize+1 row and with 2 rows of soybean simultaneously seeded, Maize+1 row of soybean delayed seeding by 3 weeks, Maize+ 2 rows of soybean delayed seeding by 3 weeks, Maize+1 row of mungbean and, Maize+2 rows of mungbean simultaneously seeded and Maize+1 row of mungbean delayed seeding by 3 weeks, Maize+ 2 rows of mungbean delayed seeding by 3 weeks. Remaining five treatments were three control treatments (sole maize) viz; an unweeded, a hand weeded and one with herbicide use for weed control, along with sole treatments of mungbean and soybean each. Our findings showed that weed density m -2 and biological yield of maize were significantly affected by intercropping of both mungbean and soybean seeded in one-one and two-two rows simultaneously seeded and delayed seeded by three weeks. In case of legume crops pods plant -1 and biological yield of mungbean as well as soybean were significantly affected by maize intercropping with mungbean and soybean seeded in one-one and two-two rows simultaneously and delayed seeded by three weeks. Weeds density m -2 was significantly reduced by hand weeding and maize-mungbean simultaneous seeding in two rows as compared to weedy check and sole maize with herbicide use. In case of maize, maximum biological yield was recorded in hand weeded plots, followed by maize intercropped with 1 row of soybean seeded 3 weeks later. Higher number of pods plant -1 were recorded in plots where sole mungbean was sown, followed by plots where maize was intercropped with one row of mungbean simultaneously seeded. Greater biological yield of mungbean was produced by sole mungbean treatments followed by plots where maize was intercropped with one row of mungbean seeded simultaneously. Higher number of pods plant -1 was observed when soybean was grown alone. It was concluded that maize intercropping with mungbean and soybean is useful for efficient land use without affecting maize yield and also providing additional yield of mungbean. Thus intercropping of legumes in maize should be encouraged in the maize growing belt under agroclimatic condition of Peshawar.
Intercropping
Kharif crop
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Summary To increase the productivity of fields growing direct-seeded upland rice, which usually gives low yields because of weed competition, unsatisfactory establishment and exposure to intermittent drought, an experiment on intercropping of rice with blackgram was conducted in two seasons under rainfed conditions on a sandy loam soil. Blackgram, when intersown simultaneously in one row in every 30 cm wide space left between the stand of 10 cm apart paired rows of rice, reduced the yield of rice by 1·64 t/ha. When one row of blaokgram was intersown, 21 days after sowing of rice (after completing weeding) between the paired rows of rice, rice yield was reduced by only 0·24 t/ha compared with solecropping of rice with weeding. This system provided mean yields of 2·48 t/ha of riceand 0·95 t/ha of blackgram. The price of blackgram being high, it showed a mean monetary advantage of Rs. 2373/ha over sole cropping of rice. The blackgram reduced the weed population appreciably.
Intercropping
Upland rice
Cropping system
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An intercropping experiment was conducted in the farmers field at Farming Systems Research and Development (FSRD) Site, Kushumhati, Sherpur in sandy loam soil of medium high land during rabi season 2011-12 to observe the productivity and economic feasibility of intercropping systems as compare3d to sole crop (viz. maize + potato, maize + Radish, maize-+-coriander, maize + bushbean, maize + spinach, maize + lalshak and maize sole). The result indicated that grain yield of maize was reduced due to intercropping systems but this reduction was compensated by intercropped. The highest grain yield of maize was found from sole maize (10.90 t ha-1) and lowest (9.32 t ha-1) from intercropped with potato. The maximum maize equivalent yield (14.04 t ha-1), gross return (Tk.10,5300/ha),gross margin (Tk. 75,527/ ha),, and benefit cost ratio (BCR) (3.54) was obtained from maize + bushbean intercropping systems which was adventitious over sole maize cropping.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(1): 49-52
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Gross margin
Cropping system
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The influence of different intercropping treatments on yield and yield components of mungbean was investigated at the New Developmental Farm of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University Peshawar. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and comprised of five treatments viz, sole mungbean, maize + 1 row of mungbean simultaneously seeded, intercrop maize + 2 rows of mungbean simultaneously seeded, intercrop maize + 1 row of mungbean delay seeded by 3 weeks, intercrop maize + 2 rows of mungbean delay seeded by 3 weeks. The treatments significantly affected nodules plant -1 , nodule dry weight, pods plant -1 , number of grains pod -1 , thousand grain weight, grain yield and biological yield; though the impact was non-significant on weeds fresh and dry biomass parameters. Highest number of nodules plant -1 (9.87), nodules dry weight (2.10 g), number of pods plant -1 (17.32), number of grains pod -1 (4.23), thousand grain weight ( 39.33 g), biological yield (1654 kg ha -1 ) and grain yield (525 kg ha -1 ) of mungbean was recorded in plots where sole mungbean was cultivated as compared to intercropping with maize in all combinations. In conclusion, the sole cultivation of mungbean was the most effective intercropping system in terms of yield and yield components of mungbean crop.
Intercropping
Dry weight
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A Field experiment was conducted during Kharif season of 2004 and 2005 at UAS, Hebbal Bangalore, to investigate the suitable intercrops performance under aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication having two factors, factor A (2) row patterns, and factor B: Intercrops (7) and thus experiment was comprised of 14 treatments. Normal row spacing: (45 x 20 cm) and in paired row spacing: (30/60 cm x 20. The Intercrop combinations were as follows, I1 –Rice + Bhendi, I2-Rice + Cluster bean,I3-Rice + French bean, I4-Ric+Ragi, I5-Rice +Radish, I6-Rice + Soybean,I7-Rice + Sunhemph.Significantly higher grain yield (23.7q ha-1) was obtained in paired row intercrops than in normal row (19.7q ha-1) intercropping. Among various inter cropping systems, significantly higher grain yield (27.7 q ha-1) was recorded with Rice + bhendi intercropping system and it was statistically on par with Rice+ cluster bean (26.0 q ha-1) intercropping systems. Significantly lower grain yield (6.8 q ha-1) was obtained in rice+ Ragi intercropping system.
Intercropping
Kharif crop
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