A MULTISLIT TRANSVERSE-EMITTANCE DIAGNOSTIC CE-CHARGE-DOMINATED ELECTRON
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Jefferson Lab is developing a 10MeV injector to provide an electron beam for a high-power free-electron laser (FEL). To characterize the transverse phase space of the space-charged-dominated beam produced by this injector, we designed an interceptive multislit emittance diagnostic. It incorporates an algorithm for phase-space reconstruction and subsequent calculation of the Twiss parameters and emittance for both transverse directions at an update rate exceeding 1 Hz, a speed that will facilitate the transversephase-space matching between the injector and the FEL's accelerator that is critical for proper operation. This paper describes issues pertaining to the diagnostic's design. It also discusses the acquisition system, as well as the software algorithm and its implementation in the FEL control system. First results obtained from testing this diagnostic in Jefferson Lab's Injector Test Stand are also included.Keywords:
Beam emittance
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This thesis describes the design and performance of a high intensity electron injecfor for the SLAC Linear Collider. Motivation for the collider and the specifications for the injector are discussed. An analytic theory of the bunching and capture of electrons by rf fields is discussed in the limit of low space charge and small signal. The design and performance of SLAC's main injector are described to illustrate a successful application of this theory. The bunching and capture of electrons by rf fields are then discussed in the limit of high space charge and large signal, and a description of the design of the collider injector follows. In the limit of high space charge forces and large rf signals, the beam dynamics are considerably more complex and numerical simulations are required to predict particle motion. A computer code which models the longitudinal dynamics of electrons in the presence of space charge and rf fields is described. The results of the simulations, the resulting collider injector design and the various components which make up the collider injector are described. These include the gun, subharmonic bunchers, traveling-wave buncher and velocity-of-light accelerator section. Finally, the performance of the injector is described including the beam intensity, bunch length, transverse emittance and energy spectrum. While the final operating conditions differ somewaht from the design, the performance of the collider injector is in good agreement with the numerical simulations and meets all of the collider specifications. 28 refs.
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We explore possible upgrades of the existing Jefferson Laboratory IR/UV FEL driver to higher electron beam energy and shorter wavelength through use of multipass recirculation to drive an amplifier FEL. The system would require beam energy at the wiggler of 600 MeV with 1 mA of average current. The system must generate a high brightness beam, configure it appropriately, and preserve beam quality through the acceleration cycle ? including multiple recirculations ? and appropriately manage the phase space during energy recovery. The paper will discuss preliminary design analysis of the longitudinal match, space charge effects in the linac, and recirculator design issues, including the potential for the microbunching instability. A design concept for the low energy recirculator and an emittance preserving lattice solution will be presented.
Soft X-rays
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Emittance exchangers (EEX) are advanced phase space manipulation schemes where the transverse phase space of the electron beam is exchanged with the longitudinal phase space. The first experimentally demonstrated concept of the emittance exchange at the A0 photoinjector at Fermilab used a transverse deflecting cavity (TDC) sandwiched between two doglegs. This paper briefly reviews the history of the emittance exchange beamline experiments from a low charge beam without RF chirp to a high charge beam with RF chirp including collective eects such as coherent synchrotron radiation. The paper concludes by discussing future emittance-exchange schemes that have been proposed and proposes two additional schemes that can be implemented in existing modern linacs. As an example, we present an improved emittance exchanger scheme that uses a TDC sandwiched between two chicanes. The significant advantage of this scheme is that it allows the use of the expensive transverse deflecting cavity for diagnostics and still allows the flexibility to use the existing beamline either as a bunch compressor or an emittance exchanger
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The photo injector test facility at DESY Zeuthen (PITZ) has been built to test and to optimize electron sources for Free Electron Lasers (FEL’s). In order to study the emittance conservation principle, further acceleration is required. To increase the electron beam energy up to 30 MeV, a booster accelerating cavity is under commisioning [1]. With this upgrade, the projected normalized transverse emittance less than 1 mm mrad is expected from beam dynamics simulations. To measure such small emittance, an upgrade of the existing Emittance Measurement SYstem (EMSY) is required. EMSY uses the slit mask technique to determine the beam emittance. In this paper, considerations on the physics of the system as well as results from GEANT4 simulations are given. The expected signal to noise ratio, the resolution of the system, and the energy deposition in the slit-mask are presented. EMSY is under construction at INRNE Sofia. Installation and first results are expected by the end of this year.
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Following funding approval late 2010, HelmholtzZentrum Berlin officially started Jan. 2011 the design and construction of the Berlin Energy Recovery Linac Project BERLinPro. The initial goal of this compact ERL is to develop the ERL accelerator physics and technology required to accelerate a high-current (100 mA) low emittance beam (1 mm·mrad normalized), as required for future ERL-based synchrotron light sources. Given the flexibility ERLs provides, a short bunch operation mode will also be investigated. The space charge is the main reason of emittance degradation in injector due to rather low injection energy (7 MeV). The implementation of emittance compensation scheme in the injector is necessary to achieve such low emittance. Since injector’s optics is axially nonsymmetric, the 2D-emittance compensation scheme [1] is proposed to be used. Other sources of emittance growth are also discussed. THEORY The gun produces a beam with a low transverse emittance. The main request to the injector design is to keep the emittance low and allow bunching of the beam. The main source of emittance grows in the injector is transversal and longitudinal space charge forces and aberrations.
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Synchrotron light source
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Jefferson Lab is developing a 10 MeV injector to provide an electron beam for a high-power free-electron laser (FEL). To characterize the transverse phase space of the space-charged-dominated beam produced by this injector, we designed an interceptive multislit emittance diagnostic. It incorporates an algorithm for phase-space reconstruction and subsequent calculation of the Twiss parameters and emittance for both transverse directions at an update rate exceeding 1 Hz, a speed that will facilitate the transverse-phase-space matching between the injector and the FEL's accelerator that is critical for proper operation. This paper describes issues pertaining to the diagnostic's design. It also discusses the acquisition system, as well as the software algorithm and its implementation in the FEL control system. First results obtained from testing this diagnostic in Jefferson Lab's Injector Test Stand are also included.
Beam emittance
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To make full use of photocathode material and improve its quantum efficiency lifetime, it can be necessary to operate laser away from the cathode center in photoinjectors. In RF guns, the off-axis emitted beam will see a time-dependent RF effect, which would generate a significant growth in transverse emittance. It has been demonstrated that such an emittance growth can be almost completely compensated by orienting the beam on a proper orbit in the downstream RF cavities along the injector. In this paper we analyze in detail the simulation techniques used in reference[1] and the issues associated with them. The optimization of photoinjector systems involving off-axis beams is a challenging problem. To solve this problem, one needs advanced simulation tools including both genetic algorithms and an efficient algorithm for 3D space charge. In this paper, we report on simulation studies where the two codes ASTRA and IMPACT-T are used jointly to overcome these challenges, in order to optimize a system designed to compensate for the emittance growth in a beam emitted off axis.
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The test stand of CADS Injector Ⅰ is built at the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP). The 3.2 MeV, 10 mA beam from the RFQ will be transported and matched by medium energy transport line (MEBT1) to the superconductive accelerating section. To minimize the beam loss from mismatch, the Twiss parameters at the exit of RFQ should be got. The method of scanning quadrupole strength with wire scanner is used in CADS Injector Ⅰ. As to the data process, the traditional method based on matrix will bring errors for high intensity accelerators, especially at low energy when the space charge force is very strong. This paper introduces the traditional method and the new method considering space charge effect, which is based on MOGA. The result proves that the space charge should be considered when calculating the Twiss parameters for high intensity low energy accelerators.
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ThomX Compton light source is designed to maximise the average X-ray flux providing a compact and tunable machine which can operate in hospitals or in museums. These constraints impose the choice of a high collision rate which is based on S-band Linac whose energy is 50-70 MeV combined to an electron storage ring. As most of the performances of the electron beam at the interaction point depend on the beam quality at the ring entrance, the linear accelerator must be carefully designed and especially the photo-injector. Simulations have been carried out in order to optimise the emittance for the ring entrance. Indeed, for a bunch charge of 1 nC, space charge effects usually dominate the total beam emittance. The latter can be minimized at the end of the Linac by means of emittance compensation. The best configuration across all the parameters will be presented.
Beam emittance
Interaction point
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