Effects of allelopathic crop water extracts and their combinations on weeds and yield of rainfed wheat
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Efficacy of allelopathic crop water extracts to control weeds can be enhanced by integrating them with other phytotoxins. The effects of allelopathic crop water extracts and their combinations along with lower rates of Atlantis 3.6 WG were studied to control weeds in rainfed wheat through field experimentation during 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Treatments included weedy check, hand weeding, Atlantis 3.6 WG @ 14.4 g a.i. ha -1 , sorghum water extract, sunflower water extract, sorghum + sunflower water extract and combinations of sorghum + sunflower water extracts with 25, 50 and 75% rates of Atlantis 3.6 WG arranged in randomized complete block design. Results revealed that combination of allelopathic extracts with lower rates of herbicide decreased weed density, fresh and dry weights by 42-70%, 38-62% and 37-63%, respectively. Atlantis 3.6 WG @ 14.4 g a.i. ha -1 reduced these parameters by 59-66%, 52-53% and 52-56%. The maximum numbers of fertile tillers, number of grains spike -1 and grain yield were recorded from hand weeding. Statistically, similar yields were obtained from allelopathic water extracts combined with 50-75% rates of herbicide and full dose of herbicide. Relatively lower wheat grain yields were recorded during second year compared with first due to moisture stress. The maximum net benefits were achieved from sorghum and sunflower water extracts mixed with 75% dose of Atlantis 3.6 WG followed by mixture of allelopathic extracts with 50% herbicide and recommended rates of Atlantis 3.6 WG (14.4 g a.i. ha -1 ). Marginal analysis exhibited dominance of all treatments except combination of extracts with lower doses of herbicides. The study concluded that sorghum and sunflower water extracts can be used in combination with 50-75% rates of Atlantis 3.6 WG to control weeds economically in wheat crop under rainfed conditions.Keywords:
Allelopathy
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Growing concerns about toxicity and development of resistance against synthetic herbicides have demanded looking for alternative weed management approaches. Allelopathy has gained sufficient support and potential for sustainable weed management. Aqueous extracts of six plant species (sunflower, rice, mulberry, maize, brassica and sorghum) in different combinations alone or in mixture with 75% reduced dose of herbicides were evaluated for two consecutive years under field conditions. A weedy check and S-metolachlor with atrazine (pre emergence) and atrazine alone (post emergence) at recommended rates was included for comparison. Weed dynamics, maize growth indices and yield estimation were done by following standard procedures. All aqueous plant extract combinations suppressed weed growth and biomass. Moreover, the suppressive effect was more pronounced when aqueous plant extracts were supplemented with reduced doses of herbicides. Brassica- sunflower-sorghum combination suppressed weeds by 74-80, 78-70, 65-68% during both years of study that was similar with S-metolachlor along half dose of atrazine and full dose of atrazine alone. Crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation attained peak values of 32.68 and 1,502 g m-2 d-1 for brassica-sunflower-sorghum combination at 60 and 75 days after sowing. Curve fitting regression for growth and yield traits predicted strong positive correlation to grain yield and negative correlation to weed dry biomass under allelopathic weed management in maize crop.
Allelopathy
Metolachlor
Sweet sorghum
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Among non-chemical weed management techniques, allelopathy (bioherbicides) is considered as an option for weed suppression. To study the potential of allelopathic plants water extracts as a weed management tool in wheat, a field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2010 at Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan. Randomized Complete Block (RCB) design was used with split plot arrangement. There were two main plots (pre and post application) of plant water extracts and eight sub-plots containing different weed control techniques i.e., sorghum extract, sunflower extract, Parthenium extract, Common reed extract, Johnson grass extract, Rice straw extract, herbicide (Logran Extra) and a weedy check. The results showed that pre-emergence application of plant water extracts proved to be superior to their post-emergence application in respect of weed control. Pre-emergence application of Phragmites australis and Helianthus annuus gave 68 and 65% weed control, respectively. Minimum fresh and dry weed biomass of 188 kg ha 1
Allelopathy
Helianthus annuus
Phragmites
Achene
Parthenium hysterophorus
Sweet sorghum
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An experiment was carried out in a reclaimed land fields Fudaliyah district south of Thi Qar province during the 2015-2016 growing season in order to evaluate some herbicides (Granstar, Everst, Cronus) to combat the weeds associated with the wheat crop (Spergula arvensis, Melilotus indicus, Loliun temulentum L) and their impact on wheat yield and its components. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with four replications. Significantly affected herbicides in most of the traits. Everst herbicide recorded the lowest average number of weeds (9.0, 3.5, 3.5) plant m2 respectively. However the comparison treatment gave the highest average for this trait (41.5, 15.5, 8.5) plant m2 sequentially. Thus, Everst herbicide reduced number of weeds for rates (78%, 77.42%, 58%) respectively, compared to the comparison treatment which led to reduce dry weight of these weeds for rates (24%, 21%, 23.67%). Everst herbicide gave the highest average in plant height (120.8 cm) , number of plants m2 (121.3) plant m2 , number of spikes m2 (256.5) spike m2 and , spike length (13.5 cm) , 1000-seed weight (58.24 g) and wheat yield (1.62 t / d). We conclude that the fight against the weeds associated with the wheat crop by chemical herbicide leads to increased wheat yield. Everst herbicide was the best to give a good fight against the weeds and wheat yield and components for wheat.
Dry weight
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To compare allelopathic effects of sorghum plant pa rts water extract (WE) with hand weeding and herbicide on suppression of weeds in wheat and wheat yield under rain fed condi tions, an experiment was conducted at the research farm, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi during Rabi 2001-02.Treatments used were: Control (un-weeded check), hand weeding 60 DAS, herbicide spray (Logron) @ 250 g ha -1 60 DAS, sorghum root WE spray @ 5 L ha -1 , sorghum stem WE spray @ 5 L ha -1 , sorghum leaf WE spray @ 5 L ha -1 , sorghum stem + root WE spray @ 5 L ha -1 , sorghum stem + leaf WE spray @ 5 L ha -1 , sorghum root + leaf WE spray @ 5 L ha -1 60 and 80 DAS. Among separate spray of sorghum roots, stem and leaf WE, root WE was found to be the most effective treatment and reduced weed densi ty by 20.7 and 22.23%, weeds fresh weight by 19.97 and 22.97% and weeds dry weight by 15.7 and 21.37% compared to control recorded at 80 and 105 DAS, respectively. Among combination of sorghum plant parts WE , stem + root WE had greater influen ce than stem + leaf or root + leaf treatments and d ecreased weed density by 23.42 and 33.42%, weeds fresh weight by 25.64 and 33.78% and weeds dry weight by 21.7 and 33.70% compared to control measured at 80 and 105 DAS, respectively. Hand weeding caused reduction of 46.19 and 41.09% in weed density, 46.34 and 41.5% in fresh weight, 44.98 and 37.59% in dry weight over control and herbicide caused reduction of 7 7.08 and 72.11% in weed density, 78.59 and 70.7% in fresh weight, 74.59 and 67.51% in dry weight compared to control recorded at 80 and 105 DAS, respectively. Sorghum plant parts WE spray signific antly reduced plant population, fresh and dry weigh t Anagalis arvensis L.(Pimpernel), Chenopodium album L. (Lambs quarter), Fumaria indica L. (Fumitory). All sorghum plant parts WE treatments suppressed plant height. Longer spikes, more grain spike -1 and heavier grain were found in stem + root WE trea tment. Separate spray of root WE increased wheat yield by 12 % compared to control. An increase of about 20% over cont rol was recorded in stem + root or stem + leaf treatment which was stat istically at par with hand weeding. Logron applicat ion resulted in 25.52% yield increase over control.
Sorghum bicolor
Dry weight
Sweet sorghum
Allelopathy
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An experiment was conducted to assess the feasibility of using a crop extract (bio-herbicide) as an alternative for chemical weed control in rice. The sorghum water extract, used in this experiment, was prepared by soaking sorghum leaves in distilled water in a ratio of 1:5 for 36 h. It was then filtered to collect the extract. After seed bed preparation, seedlings of IR-6 rice were transplanted into the field using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The data showed that hand weeding treatment recorded the maximum fresh and dry weed biomass. Application of half dose of weedicide ryzelan + half dose of sorghum water extract (sorgaab) produced the maximum number of tillers, panicles and normal kernels. The use of sorghum water extract, alone and in combination with commercial herbicide, produced lower fresh and dry weed biomass than the weedy check and hand weeding treatments. Similarly, the maximum number of spikelets, 1000-grain weight and paddy yield were also obtained in sorghum water extract treatment. Based on the results, it is concluded that the crop extract can be safely used as a bio-herbicide for controlling weeds and obtaining higher yield of rice.
Panicle
Sweet sorghum
Paddy field
Distilled water
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Weeds are one of the most important biological constraint to cotton production, and resulting in a yield losses of up to 90%. The evolution of hundreds of resistant weed species, the lack of new herbicide chemistries, and the increase in weed management costs are all making weed management more arduous for the growers. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of allelopathic crop water extracts (ACWEs) alone and in combination with one third rate of S-metolachlor (717 g a.i. ha−1) for effective weed management in cotton. The treatments investigated were; weedy check, sorghum + brassica water extract (WE) at 1.5 L ha−1, sorghum + sunflower WE at 1.5 L ha−1, sorghum + brassica + sunflower WE at 1.5 L ha−1, sorghum + brassica WE at 1.5 L ha−1 + S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha−1, sorghum + sunflower WE at 1.5 L ha−1 + S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha−1, sorghum + brassica WE + sunflower WE at 1.5 L ha−1 + S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i.ha−1, and S-metolachlor at recommended rate of 2.15 kg a.i. ha−1. Results revealed that pre-emergent application of sorghum + brassica water extract (WE) at 1.5 L ha−1 was the best treatment in terms of effective dry biomass reduction (40%) of Trianthema portulacastrum and Cyperus rotundus, and increase in seed cotton yield (12%). The second best treatment was sorghum + sunflower WE at 1.5 L ha−1 + S-metolachlor at 717 g a.i. ha−1 with yield increase of 11% over the weedy control. In comparison, S-metolachlor at recommended rate 2.15 kg a.i. ha−1 recorded only 4% decrease in weeds dry biomass reduction and 8% increase in seed cotton yield. Hence, it can be predicted that binary combination of sorghum and brassica WE at 1.5 L ha−1 or binary combination of sorghum + sunflower WE at 1.5 L ha−1 with one third dose of S-metolachlor (717 g a.i. ha−1) can be used for effective weed management and increase in seed cotton yield. Furthermore, adoption of this technique will also reduce the herbicide application, which is not only beneficial for the ecosystem but, also minimize the evolution of herbicide-resistant weed species.
Metolachlor
Allelopathy
Cyperus rotundus
Sweet sorghum
Brassica rapa
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A field study was conducted at Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan to investigate the possible reduction of phenoxaprop-p-ethyl and isoproturon dose in combination with four allelopathic crop water extracts (sorghum, sunflower, rice and Brassica) for weed control in wheat. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Water extracts of sorghum, sunflower, rice and brassica were tank mixed each @ 12 l ha-1 with each other and also with reduced rates of phenoxaprop-p-ethyl (287 g ha-1) and isoproturon (333 g ha-1). Both herbicides at rates (862 g ha-1 and 1000 g ha-1 respectively) were used as standard treatments. Result revealed that weed dry matter production by sorgaab, sunflower and rice water extracts with one third dose of isoproturon was 92% and 93% at 40 and 70 DAS. Which was superior (61% and 62% at 40 and 70 DAS) to the lable dose of phenoxaprop-p-ethyl and increased grain yield by 23% as weel as it was economical giving higher net returns and percent marginal returns whereas an other economical treatment was isoproturon @ 1000 g ha-1 which gave 93% reduction in weed dry weight and 30% increase in grain yield.
Allelopathy
Dry weight
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Growing concerns about toxicity and development of resistance against synthetic herbicides have demanded looking for alternative weed management approaches. Allelopathy has gained sufficient support and potential for sustainable weed management. Aqueous extracts of six plant species (sunflower, rice, mulberry, maize, brassica and sorghum) in different combinations alone or in mixture with 75% reduced dose of herbicides were evaluated for two consecutive years under field conditions. A weedy check and S-metolachlor with atrazine (pre emergence) and atrazine alone (post emergence) at recommended rates was included for comparison. Weed dynamics, maize growth indices and yield estimation were done by following standard procedures. All aqueous plant extract combinations suppressed weed growth and biomass. Moreover, the suppressive effect was more pronounced when aqueous plant extracts were supplemented with reduced doses of herbicides. Brassica-sunflower-sorghum combination suppressed weeds by 74-80, 78-70, 65-68% during both years of study that was similar with S-metolachlor along half dose of atrazine and full dose of atrazine alone. Crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation attained peak values of 32.68 and 1,502 g m-2 d-1 for brassica-sunflower-sorghum combination at 60 and 75 days after sowing. Curve fitting regression for growth and yield traits predicted strong positive correlation to grain yield and negative correlation to weed dry biomass under allelopathic weed management in maize crop.
Allelopathy
Metolachlor
Helianthus annuus
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Allelopathy is an environment friendly technique in controlling weeds and helpful in reducing cost of herbicide. An experiment was conducted at PMAS Arid Agriculture University during Rabi 2007, to observe the allelopathic effect of water extracts of sorghum, sunflower and brassica to control weeds in wheat using cultivar GA-2002. Extracts were prepared by taking chopped dry sorghum, sunflower and brassica herbage separately in water for one day in the proportion of 1:10 (w/v). The treatments were control, hand weeding, sorghum, sunflower and brassica individually and combined as sorghum+ sunflower, sorghum+ brassica, sunflower+ brassica and sorghum+ sunflower+ brassica. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Size of each individual plot was 5 × 6 m. Results indicated that the highest weed density and biomass suppression was achieved with hand weeding among all the treatments. Among the foliar application of extracts, the highest weed control was recorded with the combined application of concentrated aqueous extracts of sorghum, sunflower and brassica at 45 and 75 days after sowing followed by both sorghum+ sunflower. In case of growth and yield components, highest increase was recorded in manual weeding and lowest in case control. Among extracts application treatments the highest increase in wheat biometry and yield attributes was found by combined application of sorghum, sunflower and brassica extracts compared to rest of the treatments.
Allelopathy
Sweet sorghum
Brassica rapa
Helianthus annuus
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Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to study interference and weed control in direct-seeded rice.The effect of root, shoot, leaf, seed and whole plant water extracts of Trianthema portulacastrum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Eleusine indica on germination and seedling growth of rice was studied in Petri dish bioassays.The seed germination was recorded daily for sixteen days. Rice seeds were also sown in sand culture to assess the seedling growth of rice with same water extracts.The maximum reduction in rice germination was observed with leaf extract of T. portulacastrum. Significantly lower root and shoot length of rice seedlings was observed where rice seeds were treated with water extracts of leaf and whole plant of T. portulacastrum.Germination and early growth of rice was affected the most by application of leaf extract of T. portulacastrum to rice before sowing compared with extracts of other weeds.
A laboratory experiment was also conducted to evaluate the allelopathic effects of water extracts of sunflower and sorghum alone and in combination on the germination and early growth of rice and weeds viz: Trianthema portulacastrum, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Eleusine indica.Sunflower and sorghum water extracts when applied in combination caused the maximum inhibitory effects on germination of E. indica and T. portulacastrum than when applied separately.Sorghum water extract caused maximum reduction in germination percentage of seeds of T. portulacastrum.Whereas, sunflower water extract caused maximum inhibitory effects on mean germination time of D. aegyptium seeds.Water extracts of sorghum, sunflower when applied alone and in combination increased the root, shoot length and the seedling biomass of rice over control.Combined application of sorghum and sunflower water extracts resulted in greatest root length reduction in T. portulacastrum. It was concluded that the combined application of sorghum and sunflower water extracts is overall more inhibitory to the germination of rice, T. portulacastrum, D. aegyptium and E. indica than when applied separately. However, the sorghum and sunflower mixture promoted the seedling growth of rice.
Two field experiments were conducted to determine the most suitable sowing time, the critical period of weed-crop competition, and most effective methods of controlling weeds in direct-seeded rice.These experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with split-plot arrangement repeated three times with a net plot size of 5 m × 2.6 m. In first field experiment rice was sown at three different times viz; first and third week of June and first week of July.Weeds competed with rice for 15, 30, 45, 60 days after sowing.Weed-free and weedy check plots were included for comparison. Weed-free treatment had higher net benefits and benefit cost ratio (BCR). Weed-crop competition until 15 days after sowing produced similar kernel yield to weed-free.Further increase in competition period increased weed density and biomass; and caused significant reduction in yield.Thus, weeds should be controlled from 15 to 30 DAS.
The second field experiment was comprised of the above mentioned sowing times and chemical weed control methods namely, pre-emergence application of Penoxsulam @ 15 g a.i ha-1; post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 30 g a.i. ha-1 alone and both were followed by one manual hoeing; three manual hoeings; extracts of sorghum and sunflower @ 15 L ha-1; sorghum mulch @ 6 t ha-1.The weedy check treatment was also included in the experiment. Manual hoeing resulted in significantly maximum kernel yield among all weed control methods. Manual hoeing treatment also gave better net benefits and BCR.Herbicides (Pre and post-emergence) followed by manual hoeing were more effective than herbicide alone. Bispyribac-sodium could not control D.aegyptium.Rice sown in the first week of June performed best under the agro ecological conditions of Faisalabad.Fine rice (Super basmati) should preferably be drill-seeded in first week of June and chemical weed control supplemented with manual hoeing for maximum kernel yield with better quality and higher net benefits.
Eleusine
Eleusine indica
Sweet sorghum
Allelopathy
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