AGRO-ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF MUNGBEAN INTERCROPPED IN SESAME UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING PATTERNS
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The performance of mungbean intercropped in sesame under different geometric arrangements was determined o sandy-clay loam soil at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for two consecutive years (2001-02). The planting patterns consisted of 40 cm spaced single rows, 60 cm spaced 2-row strips and 100 cm spaced 4-row strips while mungbean was intercropped in all the three planting patterns and also grown as a sole crop. The results evinced that planting sesame in 100 cm spaced 4-row strips explored the possibility of intercropping in sesame. It not only permitted convenient intercropping but also facilitated the harvesting and handling of intercrops without doing any damage to the base crop. Intercropping sesame with mungbean in the pattern of 100 cm spaced 4-row strips appeared to be more convenient, productive and profitable than the monocropped sesame.Keywords:
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Performance of different summer fodders as intercrops in cotton was studied at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Pakistan). Cotton was planted in 80-cm apart single rows and 120-cm spaced double row strips, while maize, sorghum, ricebean and cowpea fodders were intercropped in the space between 80-cm apart single rows as well as 120-cm spaced double row strips of cotton. The intercrops produced substantially smaller fresh weights in either planting pattern compared to the sole crop yields. However, intercropping system as a whole resulted in higher economic returns as compared to the sole crop of cotton. All the fodders intercropped in 120-cm apart double row strips of cotton produced significantly higher fresh weight as compared to 80-cm apart single rows, intercropping system.
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The study reports comparative bioeconomic efficiency of different cotton based intercropping systems using high yielding cotton cv. NIAB 78 of Pakistan in 80 cm spaced rows and 120/40 cm spaced rows with cowpea and sorghum as intercrops. Land equivalent ratio showed 32-46 % advantage over sole cropping in both planting patterns. Values of Area time equivalent ratio showed 5-13 % advantage in cotton+cowpea and 9-23 % disadvantage in cotton+sorghum intercropping. Agressivity and competitive ratio showed dominancy of cotton over intercrops while intercrops were more dominant than cotton in actual yield loss values. Values of AYL showed an advantage of 32.1 % to 116.3 % from intercropping due to recovery made by intercrops. Intercropping advantage values showed intercropping disadvantage (-3.865 to -151.035) from intercropping due to price diffference of the component crop which meant that intercrops failed to compensate. Monetary advantage index values were also positive showing a definite yield advantage. Intercropping with cowpea reduced the yield of cotton, however, it seemed more appropriate for intercropping with cotton in both 80 cm and 120/40 cm spaced rows.. 120/40 cm spaced rows spacing seemed better compared to single row spacing for easy handling of intercrops and sole cotton, therefore, it is recommended for mechanical farming in Pakistan.
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Farmers in Nigerian savanna grow crops in mixture but the yield obtained are generally low because they do not consider row arrangement and good row orientation that will ensure better solar energy interception for high yield. Field studies were therefore carried out in two locations (Mani and Katsina) in Sudan Savannah ecological zone of Nigeria, to determine the influence of row arrangement (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 2:2, 3:3, 2:4, 4:2 and 4:4) and row orientation (east-west and north- south).The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. High sorghum yields were obtained with double row of sorghum into single row of sesame (2:1) (1087.9kg/ha), while double row of sesame (1:2)(288.80kgkg/ha) out yielded other patterns. The North-south row oriented (N-S) cropping systems produced significantly higher sorghum and sesame grain yields compared to east-west row orientation. The location significantly influenced the grain and yield attributes of sorghum and sesame. Yield and yield attributes were consistently higher in Mani compared to Katsina.
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Seed yields were higher in Vigna radiata sown in paired or triple rows 20 cm apart with inter-row strips 40 and 50 cm apart, respectively, than when sown in single rows 30 cm apart. Intercropping of Pennisetum typhoides [= P. americanum] in inter-row strips between the paired rows of V. radiata gave the highest total grain/seed yields, net profit and water use efficiency
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An experiment was conducted to study the feasibility of forage legume intercropping in forage-sorghum based intercropping system at 30 cm spaced single rows, 30 × 30 cm cross planting with intercrop, 45 cm spaced two-row strips (15/45 cm) and 75 cm spaced four-row strips. The results displayed that the highest forage yield (46.1 t ha -1 ) was obtained from sorghum grown alone in 45 cm spaced paired rows compared to the minimum of 36.0 t ha -1 from sorghum intercropped with clusterbean under the pattern of 75 cm spaced four-row strips. The data exhibited that planting geometry of 45 cm spaced double-row strips produced the highest forage sorghum yield during both the years while in intercropping systems, sorghum alone produced significantly the maximum green forage yield in 30 cm spaced single rows. Legume associations decrease the forage sorghum yield than pure stand of sorghum. However, intercropping of forage sorghum with legumes in the pattern of 45 cm spaced double-row strips appeared to be more productive and profitable than the monocropped sorghum. It would suggest that for the purpose of getting higher yield of palatable, nutritious and high quality sorghum fodder, farmers should adopt the practice of intercropping forage sorghum with forage legumes, preferably cowpea and sesbania, under the planting pattern of 45-cm spaced two-row strips with 15 cm space between the rows in a strip (15/45).
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Effect of planting patterns and intercropping of legumes in maize was studied at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad on a sandy clay loam soil during autumn 2004. The planting pattern of maize comprised 60 cm spaced single rows, 90 cm spaced double row strips, 90 cm spaced single rows and 135 cm spaced double row strips, while intercrops were mungbean and soybean. The results revealed that soybean + maize in 90 cm spaced double row strips gave maximum maize grain yield (6.71 t/ha). Maximum land equivalent ratio (1.62) was also recorded in 90-cm spaced double row strips, intercropped with soybean. Similarly all intercropping systems gave substantially higher net income over mono-cropping with higher net income (Rs.56043.50/ha) in case of maize + soybean followed by sole crop of maize (Rs.52653.50 t/ha).
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A field study to evaluate the bio-economic assessment of sunflower-mungbean intercropping system at different planting geometry was carried out at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during spring season 2009. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement having three replications. Sunflower hybrid (Hysun 33) and mungbean variety Azri-2006 was sown. The experiment was comprising treatment having factor A: planting geometry; P 1(70cm single row planting ),P 2(105/35 cm spaced paired row planting ), P 3 (175/35 cm four row planting) and factor B; intercropping I 1( sunflower alone),I 2 ( sunflower + mungbean. All the growth and yield components were significantly affected by the varying planting patterns and intercropping. Maximum value of achene yield (2891 kg ha -1 ) in case of intercropping treatments was obtained in the alone sowing of sunflower and in case of planting geometries maximum achene yield (3002 kg ha -1 ) was obtained in the treatment when sunflower was sown at 175/35 cm four rows apart sowing. The interactive effect of different planting patterns and intercropping show that maximum achene yield (3128 kg ha -1 ) was obtained in case of P 3I2. The maximum net benefit of Rs. 95995 (1130$) was obtained from the plots in which sunflower was sown at 175/35 cm four rows apart (P 3I2 ).
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Abstract An experiment was carried out at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to assess the agro-economic performance of two maize hybrids (SIPRA-4444 and TS- 13) under five different sowing patterns viz. ridge sowing 60 cm apart rows, bed sowing 60 cm apart rows, 60 cm apart single row strips, 90 cm apart double row strips and 120 cm apart triple row strips. The results indicated that the hybrids and the sowing patterns had a significant influence on the grain yield of maize. SIPRA-4444 produced maximum grain yield (6.02 tha -1 ) as compared to TS-13 (5.80 tha -1 ). Among the planting methods, ridge sowing produced highest grain yield (7.13 t ha -1 ). The interactive effect of hybrids and sowing methods showed that the hybrid SIPRA - 4444 produced maximum yield when it was sown on 60 cm apart ridges. From economic point of view, maximum net income of Rs. 114172 and benefit to cost ratio of (2.37) was obtained when the hybrid SIPRA-4444 was sown on 60 cm spaced ridges.
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Intercropping is a viable option for weed management. Six maize–sorghum intercropping systems were compared in a two-year field study for the management of purple nutsedge. The intercropping systems included maize planting in 70-cm spaced rows intercropped with one row of dwarf or tall sorghum and maize in 105-cm spaced double-row strips intercropped with one or two rows of dwarf or tall sorghum; sole maize planted in 70-cm spaced single rows was used as a control. Two intercropping systems as maize in 70-cm spaced rows + one row of tall sorghum and maize in 105-cm spaced double-row strips + two rows of tall sorghum controlled purple nutsedge by 48 and 52% compared with the sole crop of maize, respectively. However, all the maize–sorghum intercropping systems decreased the maize grain yield compared with control. Maize planted in 105-cm spaced double-row strips + one row of dwarf sorghum was the best option because it reduced the maize yield by only 6%. However, the decrease in maize yield was compensated for by sorghum yield. Intercropping maize in 105-cm spaced double-row strips + one row of dwarf sorghum may be used for management of purple nutsedge in maize.
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A field study was conducted to explore the production potential of diversified forage sorghum-based intercropping systems under different intercropping patterns for two consecutive years. The intercropping systems comprised sorghum alone; sorghum + mungbean; sorghum + clusterbean; sorghum + cpwpea and sorghum + sesbania. The planting patterns were 30 cm spaced single rows, 30 × 30 cm cross planting with intercrop, 45 cm spaced doublerow strips (15/45 cm) and 75 cm spaced four row strips. The two-year average data revealed that planting patterns have significant effect on mixed dry & green forage yield. The maximum mixed forage dry matter yield and mixed green forage yield of 24.5 and 68.8 t ha -1 were recorded in the planting pattern of 45 cm spaced double row strips. Forage legume intercropping systems reduced the dry and green fodder yield of sorghum, however, the additional harvest of each intercrop compensated more than the loss in forage sorghum yield. Of the intercropping systems, sorghum + cowpea and sorghum + sesbania in the pattern of 45 cm spaced double-row strips proved to be feasible, adoptable, more productive and with high quality nutritious forage and were found to be superior to all other intercropping systems and planting patterns under study.
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Sweet sorghum
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