Plant Volatiles Inhibit Pollen Germination of Apple and Other Species
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were collected from field-grown trees ‘at full bloom. With the exception of the rose petals, all tissues were tested either intact or macerated by light grinding in a mortar and pestle. In addition, to determine if ethylene released upon maceration had an effect, intact tomato leaves were dipped in 1000 ppm 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon) before bioassay. After 2 h, microphotographs ( × 40) of the pollen were taken. Four fields from each agar block were photographed. Total and germinated pollen grains were counted from the photographs, recording only single grains on the agar surface. Grains were classified as germinated when the pollen tube length exceeded the diameter of the grain. Percent germination values were derived for each treatment and tested by analysis of variance. After determining that data transformation was not necessary, treatments means were compared by Dunnett’s test.Keywords:
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The behavior of pollen and pollen-tube between 1-8 hours after pollination was reported in the previous pa.per (TATEBE 1950). The present paper describes the behavior between 10-30 minutes after pollination. Results obtained may be summarized as follows : 1. Pollen grains on stigmas in all mating combinations germinated well (table . 1.). However, the total number of pollen grains on stigmas were few in some of the long-styled flowers and also in short-styled flowers generally. It may be due to the reason that most of the pollen grains which failed to germinate had been washed off in the treatment of fixing and staining. Consequently, it seems very likely that in some cases the actual percentage of pollen germination was somewhat 10wer than that of the data. The percentage of empty grains which had exhausted their contents into their tubes was lower in short-styled flowers, and especially in the illegitimate unions. Various experiments of pollen germination on artificial media were tried without success.
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Six wheat genotypes having different cross ability genes were crossed with two rye genotypes to study the pollen germination, pollen tube growth and seed set. The trend of pollen fall did not show much differences between selfings and crosses, but it seemed to have a direct correlation with seed set. The pollen germination was more in crosses than the selfings except in a few crosses. The pollen tube length had a direct correlation with seed set and the pollen tubes were quite long in the selfings. Among the crosses with rye, Chinese Spring had longer pollen tubes with better seed set. The rate of tube growth was faster at 4 hours after pollination in most cases. The frequencies of pollen tube abnormalities were more in the crosses than the selfings. Pollen fall and pollen tube growth had a highly significant positive association with seed set, while the pollen tube abnormalities had a highly significant negative relation with it
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The influence of four different methods of maceration—standard vinification, vinification with addition of pectolytic enzymes, maceration including cold maceration, and heating in the final stage of maceration— on the stilbene content of Merlot wines was studied. Differences in the stilbene and phenolic compounds extraction profiles were only observed for the cold maceration before alcoholic fermentation. It was also shown that yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and lactic acid bacteria (Oenococcus oeni) can affect the amount of stilbenes detected in red wines.
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Oenococcus oeni
Ethanol Fermentation
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This study was carried out to determine the effects of heavy metals (Ni, Fe, Pb, Co, Cd, Hg, Al, Zn and Cu) on pollen germination and pollen tube length in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cv. Karabalar. The results showed that enhanced concentrations of heavy metals, except Fe, decreased the pollen germination rates and the pollen tube lengths. With Fe concentrations, on the other hand, first a positive, and then a negative relation was determined between the pollen characteristics examined. The most toxic effect on pollen germination was seen with the applications of Cu, Ni and Hg; on pollen tube length, on the other hand, a similar tendency was determined with the applications of Hg, Cd and Ni. The toxic effects of Co, Al and Fe were found to be low on both of the pollen characteristics. As a result, all the heavy metals examined prevented pollen germination and tube growth in the tobacco plant, but their toxicity levels varied.
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Maceration (sewage)
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Maceration is the process of removing soft tissue from bones so as to be able to study the skeletal elements. This is a necessary process in forensic anthropology because human skeletal remains can be used to create a biological profile that can aid in the identification of an unknown individual. The aim of this research was to determine the best method of maceration for burnt remains. Pigs' trotters were burnt in an open flame and then macerated using a variety of maceration techniques. After maceration, the results obtained were scored on a macroscopic scoring system to assess the damage caused by each of the techniques employed. The maceration technique that caused the least amount of exogenous damage to the skeletal elements was that using plain tap water at a temperature of 80℃. The addition of chemical or enzymatic agents, or an increase in the length of time that the remains were immersed in a solution, had a deleterious effect on the bones.
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After selfpollination of <em>Sinapis alba</em> L. pollen tubes growth is inhibited on the stigma. The pollen grains germinate 3-4 hours after pollination. The pollen give rise to one or more pollen tubes. They grow along the papillae. In the place of contact between the papilla and pollen tube the pellicula is digested. Then the direction of pollen tube growth changes completely. Pollen tubes grow back on the exine of their own pollen grain, or turn into the air. The pollen tubes growth was inhibited in 6-8 hours after selfpollination. After crosspollination usually there is no incompatibility reaction.
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Maceration is often a necessary component when working on a forensic case. Since it is not very common to get a case with fully skeletonized remains, the soft tissue must be removed for the forensic anthropologist to start their assessment. There are varying maceration techniques, but the goal is the same: to remove the soft tissue without damaging the bone The main purpose of my research is to examine a common household chemical, Drano® Max Gel, to determine its effectiveness for maceration. I tested two diluted solutions of Drano® Max Gel, 25% and 12.5%, both heated and unheated, to determine which concentration and temperature could remove the soft tissue without damaging the bone. The results indicate that unheated solutions are not effective for maceration; tissue did not dissolve and, instead, became more difficult to remove. Both heated solutions were effective at removing tissue; however, bones macerated in the 25% solution showed more cortical damage than those macerated in the 12.5% solution. This research could be the starting point in developing a new maceration technique that is not only safe for bone, but is also effective and works quickly. Continued research using Drano® Max Gel can help create a better understanding of the chemical, its effect on bone, and its potential use for maceration in a forensic context.
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Objective:Different concentration growth regulating substances of 6-BA,NAA,2,4-D and PP 333 on pollen germination and pollen tube growth were studied with pyrus pyrifoliaWhangkeumbae.Method:Pollen cultivating liquid medium were confected,with different mass concentrations of 6-BA,NAA,2,4-D and PP 333.To research the effects of different concentrations plant growth regulating substances on pollen germination and pollen tube growth.Result:Results showed that the low concentration of 6-BA and 2,4-D stimulated the pollen germination and pollen tube growth,but when the concentration up to certain value,pollen growth and pollen tube growth were inhibited.NAA and PP333 had inhibition on pollen germination and pollen tube growth.Conclusion:10 mg /L 6-BA and 5 mg /L 2,4-D stimulated the pollen germination and pollen tube growth.
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Maceration (sewage)
Winemaking
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