A rare case of fibrostenotic endobronchial tuberculosis of trachea
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Abstract:
Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) is a sequelae of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) that extends to the endobronchial or endotracheal wall causing inflammation, edema, ulceration, granulation or fibrosis of mucosa and submucosa. This case depicts a 20 year old foreign-born woman with a history of active pulmonary TB on anti-TB chemotherapy, who presented with worsening stridor, dyspnea, cough and weight loss. The disease state was diagnosed with multiple modalities including, spirometry, CT scan of the neck, and bronchoscopy. The biopsies of the tracheal web revealed fibrotic tissue without any granulomas or malignancy establishing the diagnosis of EBTB. Serial balloon dilations and anti-neoplastic therapy with Mitomycin C was used to accomplish sufficient airway patency to relieve her symptoms. ETBT is a rare consequence of TB, which although has a low incidence in the United States, so physicians should have a high clinical suspicion based on the need for prompt intervention.Keywords:
Chronic Cough
Submucosa
Flexible bronchoscopy
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Rigid bronchoscopy remains the gold standard in many countries to remove airway foreign bodies (FBs). We aimed to analyze the feasibility of airway FB removal in children, primarily by flexible bronchoscopy through a laryngeal mask.Between 2008 and 2013, 62 children with suspected airway FB who underwent flexible bronchoscopy were analyzed in a retrospective chart review at a tertiary university hospital with respect to clinical presentation and medical management.In 28/62 children (45.2%) an airway FB could be found and in all patients removed by flexible bronchoscopy. Additional 19/34 children (55.8%), in which no FB was found, showed macroscopic evidence of prior FB aspiration. The most frequently removed airway FBs were nuts (13/28; 46.4%) followed by other organic airway FBs (9/28; 32.2%) and nonorganic airway FBs (6/28; 21.4%). All FBs were uneventfully removed with a grasping forceps (16/28; 57.1%), basket forceps (9/28; 32.2%), suction (2/28; 7.1%), or polypectomy snare (1/28; 3.6%). Children with proven airway FB were significantly younger than children without an airway FB (24 vs. 27 mo). Adjuvant antibiotic therapy was given in 15/28 (53.6%) children with proven airway FB and 13/34 (38.2%) without, steroids in 24/28 (85.7%) and 21/34 (61.8%), respectively. In 6/28 (9.7%) children epinephrine intrabronchial was used to mobilize the airway FB during bronchoscopy.In an optimized clinical setting, flexible bronchoscopy can be regarded as a feasible procedure to remove airway FB through a laryngeal mask. Short-term and long-term outcome is favorable.
Flexible bronchoscopy
Foreign body aspiration
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The purpose of this study was to elucidate the clinical features of laryngeal stridor in 104 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and to predict the hazard risk. Stridor was observed in 36 patients. It occurred in the first year of the disease in 10 cases, and 69% of the cases were diagnosed with stridor within the first 4 years. Dysphagia and hoarseness had a statistically higher frequency in the stridor group, and the onset period of these elements correlated with the onset of stridor. A follow-up study of survival probability was carried out in 83 patients. The median survival period in the stridor group (33 cases) and the non-stridor group (50 cases) was 8.0 and 9.0 years, respectively. Treatment for stridor decreased the relative risk from 2.998 to 0.147. Laryngeal stridor is a common and early clinical symptom in MSA. Early treatment for stridor is advisable to reduce mortality.
Respiratory sounds
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Airway obstruction
Endotracheal intubation
Myxedema
Respiratory sounds
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Comparison of investigations of the airway in ventilator-dependent infants.Consecutive infants with suspected upper airway abnormalities were investigated using rigid bronchoscopy and tracheobronchography.Tertiary pediatric and neonatal intensive care units.Eight infants with suspected airway abnormalities.Rigid bronchoscopy and tracheobronchography.Structural abnormalities, segmental narrowing of the airways and the effect of various levels of positive-end expiratory pressures on the narrowings were documented. In six of the eight cases, additional airway abnormalities were diagnosed with tracheobronchography compared with rigid bronchoscopy.In cases of suspected abnormalities of the upper airway in small infants unable to be weaned from ventilatory support, tracheobronchography may be a more reliable investigation method than rigid bronchoscopy. The ability to assess the structural and dynamic components of the airway accurately and safely allows a correct and long-term treatment plan to be established in this group of patients.
Rigid bronchoscopy
Tracheobronchomalacia
Flexible bronchoscopy
Airway obstruction
Bronchography
Tertiary care
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Objective To investigate the clinical value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in diagnosing the cause of chronic cough.Methods After denied the diagnosis of cough variant asthma,postnasal drip syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux,the 68 patients suffered from chronic cough of unknown for 8 weeks were examined with fiberoptic bronchoscopy.Results After the examination with fiberoptic bronchoscopy for diagnosing the cause of chronic cough,42 patients with chronic bronchitis were determined,6 patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoma,7 patients with tracheal or bronchial tuberculosis,1 patient with bronchial polypus,2 patients with bronchial eyewinker,1 patient with tracheal and bronchial infection of epiphyte.Nine patients were normal.Conclusion The data show the examination of fiberoptic bronchoscopy is quite indispensable to diagnose the cause of chronic cough of unknown.
Chronic Cough
Chronic bronchitis
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Tracheomalacia
Laryngomalacia
Tracheobronchomalacia
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Bronchoscopy is the diagnostic gold standard in patients with airway malformations. Helical CT scan has produced studies such as virtual bronchoscopy or 3-D reconstruction of the airway. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between fiberoptic bronchoscopy, virtual bronchoscopy and 3-D reconstruction of the airway in patients with airway malformations.From January 2001 to March 2002 we evaluated the airway of 17 patients with airway malformations by means of a diagnostic protocol consisting on fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and Helical CT scan with 3-D reconstruction of the airway and virtual bronchoscopy. The radiologist had no access to bronchoscopic information. Age at study, associated cardiovascular anomalies, indications, localization, degree of diagnostic concordance, etiology and influence in treatment were analyzed.20 studies were done to 17 patients whose mean age was 1.64 +/- 0.48 years (7 days-7 years). Twelve patients had associated anomalies of the aorta, pulmonary arteries or supraortic vessels. Excellent concordance was obtained in 13 cases (65%), good in 6 (30%) and poor in one (5%). 3-D reconstruction of the airway and adjacent vascular structures provided additional information in 14 cases (70%): in 3 exact length of the tracheal lesion and in 11 defined the cause of the compression. In all the cases, absolute concordance in localization was obtained. CT scan information modified treatment in 6 patients (35%). In 7 patients with associated vascular anomalies, no further image studies were done, confirming the anatomy concordance during surgery.3-D reconstruction of the airway and virtual bronchoscopy are excellent diagnostic tools in patients with airway malformations, and contribute to define the etiology, length and diameter of the lesion. Excellent diagnostic correlation was obtained between analogic and virtual bronchoscopies, although further multicentric studies should be conducted.
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A 46-yr-old female presented to the chest clinic with chronic dry cough and increasing dyspnoea on exertion. The patient's symptoms had deteriorated over the past 15 months and, at presentation, the patient developed dyspnoea after only 50 yards of walking. She had experienced multiple emergency department visits and frequent admissions to the hospital because of breathing difficulties. Also, during the last year, she experienced recurrent respiratory infections with a frequency of one to two infections per month. The patient received a diagnosis of bronchial asthma and was treated with short courses of systemic steroids, multiple inhalers and courses of antibiotics; resulting in only mild and temporary improvement in her symptoms. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) 15 months earlier had shown a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 1.5 L (84% predicted).
The patient's past medical history was unremarkable. Specifically, there was no history of childhood asthma or frequent infections. She was an ex-smoker with 15 pack-yrs. Family history, environmental allergies and occupational exposures were all unremarkable. At presentation her medications included salmeterol-fluticasone inhaler, tiotropium, montelukast, prednisone 30 mg daily and pantoprazole.
The patient appeared well with a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg, heart rate of 80·min-1 and regular, respiratory rate of 18·min-1. Her saturation on room air was at 95%. Head and neck examination did not demonstrate lymphadenopathy or signs of chondral inflammation. Her cardiovascular examination revealed a normal jugular vein pulse with normal heart sounds and no pedal oedema. Respiratory examination demonstrated absence of clubbing and no evidence of wheezing or crackle. However, forced expiration produced an audible stridor sound.
Spirometry demonstrated a forced vital capacity (FVC) of 1.7 L (75% pred), FEV1 0.65 L (25% pred), and FEV1/FVC 35%. A flow/volume curve is shown in figure 1⇓. Diffusing …
Chronic Cough
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Hypocalcemia with stridor is a well-known condition in the pediatric age group but has rarely been reported in the elderly. We report an elderly patient who presented with dyspnea and laryngeal stridor attack caused by hypocalcemia. The patient had been suffering from stridor and dyspnea episodes for 2 years, and the etiology had not been determined until the evaluation in our department. The cause of stridor was hypocalcemia secondary to thyroidectomy. Complete resolution of stridor was achieved by calcium replacement therapy.
Etiology
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