Association d’une cryoglobulinémie virale C à une infection à virus coxsackie
Si Nafa Si AhmedPascal PotierJean Paul LagasseCatherine MilleMarie‐Rita AndreuThierry BoulainXavier Causse
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Cryoglobulins
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Seperti pada dewasa, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik kini makin popular digunakan oleh ahli anestesikarena keuntungannya. Namun demikian selalu ada risiko dan kemungkinan timbulnya komplikasi dari setiap tindakan yang dilakukan, termasuk tindakan anestesi regional pada pediatrik. Insidensi komplikasi anestesi regional pada pediatrik tidak banyak, dan kalaupun terjadi komplikasi adalah minor. Komplikasi bisa diakibatkan dari identifikasi ruang saraf, alat, obat, teknis tindakan anestesi regionalnya dan komplikasi lainnya.Walaupun tidak banyak kejadian komplikasi regional anestesi yang dilaporkan pada pediatrik, dan bukanlah komplikasi yang fatal, teknik regional anestesi pada pediatrik harus dilakukan dengan lebih hatihati, pertimbangan risiko dan keuntungannya untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi, terlebih karena kebanyakan komplikasi dapat dihindari dengan mempelajari teknik yang benar, menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai, dan sangat menerapkan prinsip keamanan pada pasien dengan baik.
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Genentech is partnering with the German cancer company Affimed to develop immunotherapies for multiple kinds of solid and blood cancers. Affimed is developing therapies that engage natural killer cells of the innate immune system to help direct them to attack cancer cells. Genentech will pay Affimed $96 million up front and up to $5 billion more in potential payments.
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最近われわれは, cryoglobulinemiaを伴ない,かつアレルギー様症状および補体の減少の著明な後天性溶血性貧血の2例を経験したので,別に他の2例より得られたcryoglobulinとともに, cryoglobulinの免疫化学的検討と,アレルギーの面よりみた生物学的活性につていしらべた.免疫化学的に, cryoglobulinはγM, γGともにみとめられる混合型が多く, DEAE cellulose column chromatographyで分画したそのγM分画は,γG分画のみならず,正常γGとも,寒冷下で結合沈殿を起こし,かつLFT陽性であつた. cryoglobulin溶液を用いて行なった, CRP, Waaler-Rose反応,寒冷凝集反応,Coombsテスト等の血清反応はいずれも陰性で,わずかにLFTのみが陽性であつた.また, cryoglobulinの抗補体作用も,いちじるしく著明ではなかつた.cryoglobulinの抗補体作用も,いちじるしく著名ではなかつた. cryoglobulinおよびその分画を用いた皮膚反応も対照に比して有意に強くはなく,モルモットの皮膚血管に対する,透過性亢進作用もみられなかつた.
Cryoglobulins
Cryoglobulins
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SUMMARY The xenotropic (X-tropic) mouse type C virus (MuLV) and its pseudotype of murine sarcoma virus (MSV) were inoculated into several fertilized developing Pekin duck eggs. The development of the duck embryos was substantially reduced in those receiving the X-tropic viruses compared to eggs inoculated only with tissue culture medium. Infectious virus was isolated from some of the adult animals; in others, evidence for integrated virus sequences in the tissues was noted. No specific pathology was found in the ducks that received X-tropic MuLV alone, but one duck developed multiple fibrosarcomas when inoculated at birth with the X-tropic virus pseudotype of MSV. Two ducks receiving X-tropic MuLV had signs of haematopoietic disorders. In addition, more virus-inoculated animals had evidence of hepatitis and encephalitis than control ducks. Antibody production to X-tropic MuLV was present in several ducks inoculated with virus either in embryo or at birth. Absence of antiviral antibodies was noted in those animals whose tissues contained replicating virus. These studies confirm the observations with X-tropic virus in tissue culture. They demonstrate in vivo that avian species are susceptible to infection by the mouse X-tropic virus and that their fibroblasts can be transformed by the X-tropic MuLV pseudotype of MSV.
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Newcastle Disease
Pestivirus
Heterologous
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Cryoglobulinにかんする知見は次第に集積されつつある. IgG, IgA, IgMの単独あるいは混合型cryoglobulinに加えてBence Jones蛋白から成るcryoglobulinが知られているが,なかでもIgA単独から成るcryoglobulinはBence Jones cryoglobulinとならんで極めて少なく,これまでに5例の報告をみるにすぎない.いずれも骨髄腫例で本例のように骨髄像や全身骨X線所見などから骨髄腫が否定されたidiopathic cryoglobulin血症に属する例は未だ報告がなく,本邦初の報告例と思う.症例は65才,女性.約6年前から冬期になると治療に抗する頑固な凍瘡,紅斑,水疱などをとくに皮膚露出部(手足,顔面,耳朶など)に生じ,夏期には消失する.血清蛋白分画でβ領域にIgA-L型M成分が認められ, 4°C内に保存された血清のgel化によりcryoglobulinの存在が確認された.精製の結果, IgA単独から成るcryoglobulinであることが判明した.血清の相対比粘度は4°Cで20 (対照2.0) 10°Cで10 (対照1.8)を示し,超遠心分析では6.2S, 9.3S, 13.7Sにpeakを認め, 2, 3分子重合したpolymer型IgAであることを確認した.この精製cryogelにはリウマチ因子活性や抗免疫グロブリン活性などは証明されず, cryogel化は2ME, GSH (還元型glutathion)で阻止された.現在副腎皮質ホルモン, GSH剤の使用により自覚症状,皮疹,血清相対比粘度ともに著明に改善されつつあり,経過観察中である.
Cryoglobulins
Immunoglobulin A
Bence Jones protein
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SummarySpider monkeys and chimpanzees were given a series of three injections consisting of 17D yellow fever virus, followed by living West Nile virus, followed by a third injection which consisted of formalin-inactivated Russian spring-summer virus vaccine. On the basis of neutralizing antibody responses, the limitation of viremia, or both, developing when the animals were challenged with virulent viruses, these primates were judged to be protected to a considerable extent against Japanese B encephalitis, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, dengue types 1, 2, 3, and 4, two antigenic types of the Russian spring-summer virus complex, and Wesselsbron virus.An isolate of West Nile virus was passed a number of times in chick embryo tissue cultures and purified by the plaque technique. The progeny of two virus plaques, in a concentration of 106 mouse intracerebral lethal doses, did not produce encephalitis in intracerebrally inoculated rhesus monkeys. These attenuated viral preparations, on the basis of intracerebral titrations in mice, had at least 1,000 times the virus concentration that was necessary to produce encephalitis with the parent type. One of these attenuated isolates still produced homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibodies comparable to those of the parent strain. The data indicate that this attenuated West Nile virus did not revert to a more virulent form after alternate intracerebral passages in rhesus monkeys and suckling mice.The TP-21 strain of the Russian spring-summer virus complex was passed a number of times in chick embryo tissue cultures and purified by the plaque technique. The progeny from one of the virus plaques, in a concentration of approximately 300,000 mouse i.c. LD50, did not produce encephalitis when inoculated intracerebrally into rhesus monkeys. When this purified virus isolate of TP-21 was substituted for the formalin-inactivated Russian spring-summer vaccine in the triple vaccination procedure, considerable protection was noted in spider monkeys challenged with four members of the Russian spring-summer group of viruses.
Viremia
Flavivirus
Attenuated vaccine
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Abstract T’Ho virus is a poorly characterized orthoflavivirus most closely related to Rocio virus and Ilheus virus, two orthoflaviviruses associated with human disease, suggesting that T’Ho virus could also be a human pathogen. The genome of T’Ho virus has been sequenced but an isolate has never been recovered, impeding its phenotypic characterization. In an attempt to generate recombinant T’Ho virus, the entire viral genome was synthesized as three overlapping DNA fragments, joined by Gibson assembly, and transfected into mosquito cells. Several cell culture passages were performed, but virus was not recovered. Subsequent experiments focused on the development of a chimeric orthoflavivirus that contains the premembrane and envelope protein genes of T’Ho virus in the genetic background of Zika virus. The chimeric virus replicated in mosquito (C6/36) and vertebrate (Vero) cells, demonstrating that the major structural glycoproteins of T’Ho virus permit entry into both cell types. The chimeric virus produced plaques in Vero cells that were significantly smaller than those produced by Zika virus. The chimeric virus can potentially be used as a surrogate diagnostic reagent in place of T’Ho virus in plaque reduction neutralization tests, allowing T’Ho virus to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Vero cell
Zika Virus
Flavivirus
Recombinant virus
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