The Effect of Salinity Stress on Seed Germination of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Varieties
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Salinity is one of the environmental factors that has a critical influence on the germination of seeds and plant establishment. Salinity affects imbibition, germination and root elongation. However, the way in which NaCl exerts its influence on these vital processes, whether it is through an osmotic effect or a specific ion toxicity, is still not resolved. The objective of this study was to compare the salinity tolerance of two varieties of red clover (Select 2 and Rotrif) and two varietis of alfalfa (Mihaela and Mădălina). In our study we used five salinity treatments 0 (control) (C1), 50 (C1), 100 (C2), 150 (C3) and 300mM NaCl (C4) on normal seeds and seeds inoculated with rhizobia. 100 seeds of each variety used in the study were grown in germinating dishes on filter papers with four replications. The results showed that by increasing of the salinity level, germinated seeds number, root, shoot and seedling length, mean daily germination (MDG) and seedling length vigor index (SLVI) decreased, while daily germination speed (DGS) increased in all studied varieties. Mean germination time increased with increasing NaCl level. As the salt concentration increased, germination percentage decreased in all varieties, moreover, seeds could not germinate in 300 mM NaCl, but the seeds who were bacterized germinated in a very small percentage, and the germs were abnormal.Keywords:
Medicago sativa
Red Clover
Imbibition
Festuca arundinacea
Medicago sativa
Red Clover
Festuca
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EPTC ( S -ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), benefin ( N -butyl- N -ethyl-α α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro- N -propyl- p -toluidine], butralin[4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)- N -(1-methylpropyl)2,6-dinitrobenzenamine], diclofopmethyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]-propanoate} and 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] were evaluated in the greenhouse for effects on growth, nodulation, and NH 3 production of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) and medium red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.). Some reduction in nodulation occurred from some rates of the herbicides, but reduction in nodulation was usually associated with reduced plant growth caused by herbicidal injury.
Medicago sativa
Red Clover
Medicago
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Imbibition
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SUMMARY The relationship between seedling characters and germination rate within a seed lot was studied in cauliflower, leek and onion seeds. Newly germinated seeds were selected after successive days of imbibition at 20°C and placed on slope tests to assess early seedling growth. In all three species seedling length decreased and the coefficient of variation of those seedling lengths increased with increasing number of days of imbibition required for germination. Slow germinating seeds in all three species produced fewer normal healthy seedlings than faster germinating seeds. The relevance of these results to pre‐germinated seed sowing techniques is discussed.
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where differences between the yield: plant density relationships of the two species should be taken into account. It may readily be envisaged that a plant in which maximum weight is reached at a relatively low density would outyield at low densities a species in which a higher density is required before maximum yield is obtained, whilst at higher densities no such difference might be observed, or a reversal of trend might occur. An opportunity to examine this situation presented itself when the author was visiting Sweden on study leave, and it was decided to conduct an experimental analysis of competition between two pasture legumes grown together over a wide range of densities, and to include in the experimental material pure stands of each species in order that their yield: density relationships could be accurately determined. It was thought that two species should be chosen which were sufficiently similar in growth habit as not to cause marked differences in yield : time relationships, but which were nevertheless sufficiently contrasting as to present a marked degree of interspecific competition. In view of the recent interest shown in the suitability of mixtures of lucerne and red clover in Swedish agriculture (ABERG 1956, LAGERQUIST 1958) these two species, which satisfied the conditions put forward above,
Red Clover
Habit
Medicago sativa
Medicago
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Imbibition in the seeds of <em>Heliotropium supinum</em> L. varies under different temperatures. The optimum temperatures for imbibition and germination are also different. For germination 39% imbibition is essential, and this capability is achieved by 12-week-old seeds. With duration of dry storage imbibition increases. The imbibition and germination percentages decline on re-dry storage of seeds after embeding in mud. A soil moisture of 44% is optimal for germination. A correlation exists between imbibition and germination.
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Medicago sativa
Sinorhizobium meliloti
Medicago
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When pea seeds were imbibed in water without their seed coats, vital staining revealed that cells on the abaxial surface of the cotyledons were dead. No damage occurred on the surface of cotyledons when the seeds were imbibed intact, or beneath the testa when only half of the testa was removed. Cell death occurred as a result of rapid water uptake within the first 2 min of imbibition, since reducing the rate of imbibition in solutions of Carbowax 4000 lessened the damage. Cell death was restricted to the outer layers of the cotyledons; inner tissues remained alive. These observations supported the hypothesis that rapid early leakage during imbibition of dry embryos resulted from the death of cells caused by the physical disruption of membranes. Imbibition damage resulted in reduced respiration and germination, a decline in the rate of food reserve transfer from the cotyledons to the growing axis, and a lower growth rate in the seedlings produced. Greater sensitivity of embryos to imbibition damage at low temperature, and similarities between features of imbibition damage and chilling injury led to the suggestion that so-called chilling injury is the result of imbibition damage rather than the effects of low temperature.
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Abstract Image analysis is widely used for monitoring seeds during germination, and it is often the final phase of germination that is subjected to the greatest attention. However, the initial phase of germination (the so-called imbibition) also exhibits interesting behaviour. This work shows that image analysis has significant potential in the imbibition. Herein, a total of 120 seeds were analysed during germination tests, and information about seed size and shape was stored and analysed. It was found that the imbibition can be divided into two newly defined parts. The first one (‘abrupt imbibition’) consists mainly of the swelling of the seed embryo part and lasts approximately one hour. The second one, referred to as ‘main imbibition’, consists mainly of spatial expansion caused by imbibition in the other parts of the seed. The results presented are supported by the development of seed cross area and shape parameters, and by direct observation.
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