The Motor Control Output Forming in Healthy Subjects and Parkinson’s Disease Patients
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In this paper we consider the structure of the system for correction of newborns motor disorders. This system provides the restoration of newborns motor functions by electrical stimulation of the corresponding muscles. The effect of such stimulation is determined by the test influence on a donor, which has a normal development of the motor function. The resulting donor and recipient EMGs, which obtained during such influences, allow us to construct a strategy for the restoration of motor functions, to determine the progress of treatment, etc.
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It summarized the three doctrines differentiated with a motor control model in the motor control theory,i.e.the doctrines of reflex motor control,hierarchical motor control and systematic motor control,set forth the theories of sensory system and motor cognition,neural system and memorial vestige,motor system and natural physics,and systematic science outlook,all of which were related to the motor control in sports training,and pointed out that it's necessary to infiltrate sensory experience and cognitive factor into systematic function training,so as to achlieve the best sports physiological adaptability and the best performance.
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Motor execution processing has been examined using an index of behavioral performance such as reaction times, kinetics, and kinematics. However, difficulties have been associated with the study of motor inhibitory processing because of the absence of actual behavioral performance. Therefore, non-invasive neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods including electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and functional magnetic resonance imaging have been used to investigate neural processes in the central nervous system. We mainly reviewed research on somato-motor inhibitory processing based on data obtained by using these techniques, which can examine 'when', 'where, and 'how' motor inhibition occurs in the brain. Although to date a number of studies have used these techniques separately, few studies have utilized them in a comprehensive manner. In this review, we provide evidence that combining neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods should contribute to our understanding of how executive and inhibitory functions are implemented.
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‘To move things is all mankind can do. ... whether whispering a syllable or felling a
forest.’ - Charles Sherrington ---
The human motor system is one of the most complicated systems in the human body.
This complex system of interactions and collaborations between different regions of the
human nervous system enables humans to interact with their external environment.
Several parts of the human central nervous system are required to communicate
effectively to send signals to the target muscles to carry out the final voluntary or
involuntary movements. At the level of the central nervous system (CNS), motor
planning and control form the essential element of any voluntary movements and
several models have been suggested to describe these processes. Internal models, and
specifically the ‘forward model’ is one of the most recognised theories of human motor
control function. In this thesis, I have investigated two different movement disorders in
which motor dysfunction is suggested to be involved in motor planning level in one
disorder and motor execution in the other. I used several novel MRI methods to
elucidate the neuro-mechanisms and brain regions likely to be involved in motor
impairment in these two disorders, developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and
(Freidreich’s ataxia) FRDA. Integral to this process was an endeavor to investigate
human motor control theory and examine its pathological aspects through the window
of neuroimaging.
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The supplementary motor area (SMA-proper) is important for the programming and execution of motor, speech, and other elaborative functions. SMA is frequently involved by brain tumors (particularly WHO grade II gliomas). Surgery in this area can be followed by the 'SMA syndrome', characterised by contralateral akinesia and mutism. We present a case of Falcine meningioma in the region of the right SMA which developed SMA syndrome. Our patient showed complete recovery of neurological function but the process was slow with a specific pattern.
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Biomechatronics concerns the interdisciplinary field of interaction with the human neuromuscular-skeletal system with the objective to assist impaired human motor control. In this field technology is developed that integrates neuroscience, robotics, interface and sensor technology, dynamic systems and control theory. The primary issue in this field concerns the concepts of assisting impaired human motor function. The secondary, derived, issue concerns possible methods of interfacing with the human body at all hierarchical levels of the human motor system. The application of motor assist systems may serve several goals: it can take over part of the affected motor control, enable the physiological motor system to perform the desired function or aid in training the impaired physiological system. The progress in these issues are reviewed and their potential implications for assistance of the impaired human motor system are discussed.
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