Characterization of Cylindrodendrum, Dactylonectria and Ilyonectria isolates associated with loquat decline in Spain, with description of Cylindrodendrum alicantinum sp. nov.
Carlos Agustí‐BrisachAna CabralElisa González‐DomínguezA. Pérez‐SierraMaela LeónPaloma Abad‐CamposJosé Vicente García-JiménezHelena OliveiraJosep Armengol
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Animal studies supporting the inhibition of mast cell activation by Eriobotrya japonica seed extract
The potent antioxidant activity of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract (ESE) and its usefulness in the prevention and treatment of various disorders has been reported previously. Its antioxidant activity associated with beta-sitosterol and polyphenols contained in the extract was also validated. In this study, anti-allergic activity of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract was investigated.The inhibition of histamine release-mediated type 1 allergy by Eriobotrya japonica seed extract was used as an index.The administration of this extract inhibited histamine release from rat mast cells, suggesting its usefulness in allergic disease treatment. In an experiment using a guinea-pig allergic rhinitis model, this extract reduced the frequency of sneezing and nose-scratching.These results suggest that Eriobotrya japonica seed extract may contribute to the relief of allergic disease-related symptoms.
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The hypoglycemic effects of Eriobotrya japonica seeds were investigated in type 2 diabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats and KK-A(y) mice. The rats and mice were fed on a diet containing 10% powdered Eriobotrya japonica seeds with the coat intact for 4 months. Although the blood glucose concentration in the OLETF rats fed on the control diet without Eriobotrya japonica seeds was increased with time, the concentration in the OLETF rats fed on the diet with Eriobotrya japonica seeds was consistently low throughout the experimental period and was comparable to the level in Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats which are normal non-diabetic rats. Serum insulin was significantly lower in the OLETF rats fed on the Eriobotrya japonica seed diet than in those fed on the control diet at the termination of the experimental period. Eriobotrya japonica seeds suppressed the increment of blood glucose for 4 months and also effectively improved the glucose tolerance in the KK-A(y) mice, these actions being mainly exerted by the ethanol extract of the seeds. These results suggest that Eriobotrya japonica seeds had a hypoglycemic property and the effect is attributable to the components extracted by ethanol.
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Intergeneric hybridizations were carried out between loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) and other Rosaceae plants in order to obtain the basic information on intergeneric hybrids. In 4 out of 8 crosses, 4-25% pollinated flowers bore fruits, however, 4 seeds were obtained from the cross of E. japonica cultivar 'Mogi' and Rhaphiolepis indica. Parentage of 4 individuals derived from an intergeneric cross of E. japonica x R. indica, was analyzed using 8 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. In 3 out of 4 individuals, the parent-offspring relationships were confirmed because the hybrids inherited SSR alleles from their parents without any discrepancy. Intergeneric hybrid seedlings showed similar leaf characters of R. indica. At the early stage, intergeneric hybrid seedlings died within 4 months after germination.
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There is some controversy regarding the respiratory pattern of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica [Thunb.]Lindl.).Thus in order to provide information on this aspect of loquat, fruit of 50-70 g, from cv.Golden Nugget were harvested in four stages of maturity: green (BBCH 709), color break (BBCH 801), yellow (BBCH 807), and orange (BBCH 809).The parameters evaluated in each stage were: soluble solids, titratable acidity, respiration, ethylene generation, and activity of the enzymes pectin methyl esterase (PME), peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase (PPO), polygalacturonase (PG), and cellulose, and the soluble solids:acidity ratio was calculated.The results show that ethylene concentration increased at the time of color break, which was not the case for the change in the respiratory rate.The activity of the peroxidase enzyme increased from the green stage to color break, while the enzymes PME, cellulase, and PG showed a constant reduction from the green to the orange stage, and PPO showed no change over the four stages studied.With regards to quality, from color break onwards soluble solids increased to 11.8 ºBrix and titratable acidity dropped from 0.67 to 0.28 g L -1 malic acid.Based on these results, the conclusion is that towards the end of its development loquat cv.Golden Nugget evidence enzymatic and ethylene behavior similar to that of climacteric fruits.
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This study was carried out to investigate the role of 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) in inducing loquat plant salt tolerance. Plants were treated with five levels of salt, so that the electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.5 (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m -1 was established in pots. Then, the plants were sprayed with different concentrations of 24-EBL (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg l -1 ). Under salt stress, the plant growth parameters and chlorophyll content decreased, while the total soluble sugars and proline contents considerably increased. However, the application of 24-EBL significantly ameliorated the plant growth by reducing the adverse effects of salinity on the examined parameters. The ion concentrations showed an increase in accumulation of Na + and Cl - coupled with a decrease in K + with increasing salinity in medium. Exogenous application of 24-EBL had a significant effect on leaf Na + , K + , Cl - contents. Out of different 24-EBL concentrations, the effects of 0.5 mg l -1 proved the best under stress conditions.
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The micro-elements in the flower of Eriobotrya japonica were analyzed by ICP-AES. The results showed that the contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn were 122.75, 21.40, 7.60 and 30.95 μg / g, respectively. It will provide a reference for devel- oping and utilizing the flower of Eriobotrya japonica.
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Objective: To investigate the volatile constituents in Eriobotrya japonica.Methods: The chemical components of the essential oil from Eriobotrya japonica were extracted by HS-SPME and the components separated were identified by GC-MS combined with Kovats indece.Results: 10 and 13 compounds were identified from the buds and flowers,accounting to 98.63% and 97.18% of the total essential components,respectively.Conclusion: Benzaldehyde as the main aromatic compound in both samples may be the main fragrance constituents of Eriobotrya japonica.
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