Relationship between placental localisation, birth weight, umbilical Doppler parameters, and foetal sex
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The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between placental localisation, birth weight, and foetal sex. It also evaluates umbilical artery Doppler parameters and their relationship with placental localisation.This is a retrospective study of 500 healthy pregnant women who gave birth at our university. All women had undergone a detailed ultrasound and Doppler examination at 20-23 weeks. The ultrasonography results of the patients were examined retrospectively. Foetal biometry, birth weight, and umbilical artery Doppler parameters were recorded and compared according to placental localisation.Birth weight was significantly higher in foetuses with anteriorly located placenta. The incidence of female foetuses was higher (62%) in relation to anteriorly located placentas, whereas male incidence was higher (51.9%) in relation to posterior placentas. A comparison of Doppler parameters betiveen groups revealed significantly higher pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) values in posteriorly located placentas.Foetal sex might affect placental localisation. Doppler parameters and birth weight might also differ according to placental side. These factors should be taken into consideration during the evaluation of obstetric patients.Keywords:
Umbilical artery
Doppler ultrasound
Objective To study the value of Oxytocin challenge test (OCT) in high-risk pregnancy with abnormal umbilical artery resistance and the clinical significance of performing the umbilical velocimetry during OCT. Methods One hundred and seventy patients with abnormal umbilical artery resistance but maintained forward diastolic flow and 178 patients with normal umbilical blood flow received OCT, umbilical velocimetry was conducted during OCT. If the umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) increased more than 0.5 during contraction and OCT was positive, cesarean section was performed in the same day, otherwise, vaginal delivery was tried. Results The rate of positive OCT was 45.3% and 10.1% respectively and the rate of positive OCT with umbilical artery PI increasing more than 0.5 was 37.4% and 6.7% respectively in abnormal umbilical artery flow resistance group and normal umbilical artery flow group ( P 0.001). For 19 cases with positive OCT but no increase in umbilical artery PI, 15 cases were successful vaginal delivery. In negative OCT group, 30 cases had the operative delivery for fetal distress (ODFD) during labor, among which the umbilical artery flow resistance of 24 cases increased during OCT ( P 0.001). For cases of poor perinatal outcome, 78.6%～81.8% were ODFD. Conclusions Umbilical artery doppler velocimetry during OCT is a good method to detect compromised fetus earlier in cases with abnormal umbilical artery blood flow; it is important in reducing the rate of the false positive and false negative OCT; it has clinical significance in improving the perinatal outcome.
Umbilical artery
Velocimetry
Clinical Significance
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The advance on chemical compositions,pharmacological effect and clinic application of placenta and its extraction from huˉman and animals was summarized.At present,placenta hominis have been widely used in clinical practice,they were mainly applied in medical treatment.The placenta processing is now very primitive and its applied fields also need to be widen.The placenta prodˉucts from sheep are mainly applied in health care and cosmetics profession.The placenta products from deer are just in the beginning and there is a great developing potential in the future.Studies on placenta of other animals such as cattle,pig and so on are very little.It is suggested that the peptides produced from placenta and the mechanism should be more studied.There will be a great exˉploitative value and vast prospect for placenta products from deer placenta and domestic animal placenta.
Retained placenta
Human placenta
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Purpose To investigated the linear relationship between the late pregnancy umbilical artery and placenta physiological on pathological change and evaluate the placenta function and the perinata pregonoses. Methods Through to people of late pregnancy umbilical artery and abdominal aorta were investigated, using color Doppler ultrasound, the resistance index(RI), the passe index(PI) and the peak syslolis/diastolic ratio(S/D) were calculated, photographed and analyoised statistically. 20 placenta of aormal pregnanul and 7 placenta of abnormal pregnancy were choose at random and were checked pathologically by the same standard, to record the go cases of neonate Apgar score. Results Fetus umbilical artery blood stream RI=0.56±0.08, S/D=2.1±0.4, the matuse degree of the placenta was II°. Few villi were degenerated and had nodosity, bister and calcification, fetus abdominal aorta blood stream PI=1.48±0.49, S/D=3.1±0.8, fetus in good condition, neonate apgar score most was 9～10cent/min. Conclusion There was linear relationship between the fetus umbilical artery and placenta function. [
Umbilical artery
Apgar score
Abdominal aorta
Retained placenta
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Objective To explore the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in diagnosis of placenta disease.Methods The 16 fetuses were those with fatal abnormity or could not survive in uterus and then needed to be terminated pregnancy,simultaneously the patients could have placenta disease.A real-time CEUS was performed to observe the whole process in the placenta by applying the SonoliverR CAP software to explore more about the perfusion characteristics of the placenta,and to analyze the perfusion characteristics of the agents in the placenta.Results Of all 16 cases,in the CEUS progress there was no agent entering into the umbilical vessel and the fetus.Five cases of the 16 placentas perfusion order were normal form without perfusion absence,The contrast-enhanced agent was shown to arrive at the serosal layer of the uterus firstly,then to basilar part,at last it reached the cytoledon of the mother side and fused quickly,until the whole placenta had contrast-enhanced agent.The CEUS characteristics of 11 cases showed that in the placentas had part or most part of perfusion absence 9 cases,2 cases had abnormal perfusion sequence.Conclusion The real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasonography appeared the hemoperfusion progress of the placenta,which could provide the feature of the placenta increta and the perfusion absence,the important information on the hemoperfusion of the placenta help understand the placenta disease and diagnose the preeclampsia of the mother and the fetal growth restriction.
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Objective To compare of the lamb placenta extracts(LPE) prepared by using Hu sheep plecenta and the traditional raw material(Tibet plecenta),So as to provide scientific evidence for using Hu sheep placenta instead of Tibet sheep placenta as the raw material preparing LPE.Methods With the Hu sheep placenta produced in the areas of Hangzhou,Jiaxing and Huzhou as raw material,and the Tibet sheep placenta,the traditional raw material as control,the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis experiments of preparing LPE were conducted.Results The optimal enzymatic parameters were as follows:enzymatic hydrolysis of placenta with 40 U/g tripsin at pH 8.0 and 45 ℃ for 4 h under the designed mixture of one material and ten liquid.Under the optimal condition,the degree of hydrolysis of Hu placenta and Tibet placenta were 17.56% and 19.44%,respectively,the both frozen LPE powder outputs were 35.36% and 40.47%,respectively,and the large molecular proteins of both placentas were degraded into LEP without significant difference in composition of amino acids.Conclusion Hu placenta is one raw material to replace Tibet placenta for preparing LPE.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Retained placenta
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Neonatal mortality, idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome, and early periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in the neonate weighing 2000 g or less were correlated with umbilical artery acid-base status. Neonatal mortality and, to a lesser extent, idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome correlated with umbilical artery acidosis. Early periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage was associated with low Apgar scores, but showed no correlation with umbilical artery acid-base status.
Umbilical artery
Apgar score
Respiratory acidosis
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The placenta is a temporary organ that develops in the uterus of mammals during pregnancy. There are different types of placenta in different species. The placenta allows communication between the mother and fetus through the umbilical cord. The placenta plays a central physiological role in the regulation of pregnancy. It produces hormones, growth factors, and cytokines during the progression of pregnancy, and in response to internal or external stimuli. The umbilical cord and blood contain different cells, including stem cells. In addition, the placenta contains different biomolecules including amino acids, hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, cytokines, enzymes, vitamins, minerals, etc. Although women do not usually engage in placentophagy, these ingredients, particularly biomolecules in the placenta, may provide benefits in treatment of disease and overall health of humans and animals. Collection and processing of the umbilical cord, blood, and placenta are important steps that lead to potential benefits. Benefits of stem cells, different from those of the umbilical cord, blood, and placenta extract, have been shown in humans and animals. In conclusion, the use of placenta, umbilical cord, and its blood in humans warrant further investigations.
Cord blood
Placenta cord banking
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The article surveys the literature concerning comparative morphology of allantoic placenta and presents some evolutionary-morphological conclusions. The initial form of allantoic placenta is non-deciduate that occurs in 7 orders of placental mammals. The non-deciduate placenta is especially characteristic for lower primates and Cetacea. The non-deciduate placenta in lower primates and the fact that in some modern species of insectivores the non-deciduate placenta is also preserved speaks in favour of the opinion that insectivores of the Cretaceous period had non-deciduate placenta. The non-deciduate placenta in Cetacea that take their origin from ancient carnivores (from procreodonts) demonstrates, in its turn, that the non-deciduate placenta was the initial form. The deciduate placenta was the means for changing many of vital activities of the organism--it is connected with shortening or lengthening of individual life duration and duration of pregnancy. In the course of evolution the allantoic placenta improved towards intensified metabolism between the embryo (fetus) and the maternal organism. Relations between the evolution of mature specimens and evolutional changes in placenta are at their initial stage of investigation.
Insectivore
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During stage 3 of parturition, the fetal membranes or placenta should be expelled. In the horse, the placenta is considered to be abnormally retained beyond 3 hours post-foaling. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the removal of retained placenta. The entire placenta should be examined after passage to determine if it is complete or if a section of the placenta still remains within the mare. Ultrasound of the uterus per rectum may also identify placental remnants as hyperechoic tissue suspended in hypoechoic fluid. Uterine prolapse is a concern in post partum mares following obstetrical intervention or manipulations to remove a retained placenta.
Retained placenta
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