The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective
Ornella SeminoGiuseppe PassarinoPeter J. OefnerAlice LinSvetlana ArbuzovaL. BeckmanGiovanna De BenedictisPaolo FrancalacciAnastasia KouvatsiLimborskaia SaMladen MarcikiæAnna MikaBarbara MikaDragan PrimoracA. Silvana Santachiara‐BenerecettiL. Luca Cavalli-SforzaPeter A. Underhill
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Abstract:
A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 binary markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY). Ten lineages account for >95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied. Geographic distribution and age estimates of alleles are compatible with two Paleolithic and one Neolithic migratory episode that have contributed to the modern European gene pool. A significant correlation between the NRY haplotype data and principal components based on 95 protein markers was observed, indicating the effectiveness of NRY binary polymorphisms in the characterization of human population composition and history.Keywords:
Homo sapiens
Upper Paleolithic
Population Genetics
В обзорной статье рассматриваются ключевые палеоантропологические находки верхнего палеолита в контексте результатов недавних исследований: новых датировок, новой археологической атрибутики, данных генетики. Авторы выделяют три ключевых проблемы эпохи верхнего палеолита с точки зрения биологического антрополога. Во‑первых, проблему таксономического ранга неандертальцев и их роли в происхождении европейского верхнепалеолитического населения. Отмечается, что идея трансформации Homo neanderthalensis в Homo sapiens перерастает в идею гибридизации сапиенсов и неандертальцев. Во‑вторых, проблему происхождения носителей симбиотических «переходных» культур верхнего палеолита. Делается вывод о том, что практическое отсутствие костных человеческих останков, ассоциированных с этими культурами, лишает палеоантропологов возможности ответить на вопрос о том, как складывался облик носителей «переходных» культур. И в‑третьих, рассматривается проблема физического облика насельников Европы, носителей первой автохтонной верхнепалеолитической индустрии — граветт. Показано, что краниологические характеристики мужских черепов ориньякской и граветтской культур, на фоне суммарных данных об европейских верхнепалеолитических черепах демонстрируют сходство этих групп населения, но количество наблюдений, не делает это сходство убедительным. Несмотря на то, что сформулированные в виде проблем вопросы не находят однозначных ответов, сама постановка задает направления дальнейших исследований Homo sapiens Верхнего палеолита. The digest discusses the key Upper Paleolithic paleoanthropological finds in the context of the recent studies: new dating, new archaeological attribution, genetic data. The authors identify three key problems of the Upper Paleolithic from the point of view of a biological anthropologist. First, the problem of the taxonomic rank of the Neanderthals and their role in the origin of the European Upper Paleolithic population. It is noted that the idea of transformation of Homo neanderthalensis into Homo sapiens develops into the idea of hybridization of sapiens and Neanderthals. The second problem is the origin of the “bearers” of symbiotic “transitional” cultures of the Upper Paleolithic. It is concluded that the virtual absence of human remains associated with these cultures makes it impossible for paleoanthropologists to answer the question of how the appearance of these people was formed. And thirdly, the authors consider the problem of the physical appearance of the inhabitants of Europe, makers of the first autochthonous Upper Paleolithic industry — Gravettian. It is shown that the craniological characteristics of the male crania of the Aurignacian and Gravettes cultures, against the background of summary data on European Upper Paleolithic crania, demonstrate the similarity of these groups, but, unfortunately, this similarity is not very convincing due to the small number of observations. Even though the questions formulated as problems do not find unambiguous answers, the arousal itself sets the direction for further research on Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens.
Aurignacian
Upper Paleolithic
Homo sapiens
Crania
Neanderthal
Middle Paleolithic
Paleoanthropology
Hominidae
Mousterian
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Analysis of enamel prism patterns in a selected series of extant hominoids reveals that pongids have a pattern distinctively different from that of Homo sapiens. The pattern for a Miocene hominoid, Ramapithecus, is very similar to that seen in Homo sapiens. The finding allows a new approach to the evaluation of isolated teeth.
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Prism
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Context: The evidence is mounting that reticulate (web-like) evolution has shaped the biological histories of many macroscopic plants and animals, including non-human primates closely related to Homo sapiens, but the implications of this non-hierarchical evolution for anthropological enquiry are not yet fully understood. When they are understood, the result may be a paradigm shift in evolutionary anthropology.Objective/methods: This paper reviews the evidence for reticulated evolution in the non-human primates and human lineage. Then it makes the case for extrapolating this sort of patterning to Homo sapiens and other hominins and explores the implications this would have for research design, method and understandings of evolution in anthropology.Results/conclusion: Reticulation was significant in human evolutionary history and continues to influence societies today. Anthropologists and human scientists—whether working on ancient or modern populations—thus need to consider the implications of non-hierarchic evolution, particularly where molecular clocks, mathematical models and simplifying assumptions about evolutionary processes are used. This is not just a problem for palaeoanthropology. The simple fact of different mating systems among modern human groups, for example, may demand that more attention is paid to the potential for complexity in human genetic and cultural histories.
Homo sapiens
Paleoanthropology
Homo erectus
Biological anthropology
Reticulate evolution
Evolutionary anthropology
Hominidae
Evolutionary Theory
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Abstract The last few decades have seen an explosion of knowledge about the time and place of origin of our species, Homo sapiens. New fossils, more sites, better dates, modern and fossil DNA, and scores of analyses have mostly disproved the multiregional model of human evolution. By and large, the evidence generally supports some version of the out‐of‐Africa model, according to which humans first evolved in Africa at least 200,000 years ago and then migrated to other parts of the world. Remaining debates about human origins primarily address if and how much hybridization occurred between modern humans and taxa of archaic Homo such as H. neanderthalensis.
Homo sapiens
Out of africa
Hominidae
Ancient DNA
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The jaws and teeth of Homo sapiens have evolved, from the last common ancestor of chimpanzee and men to their current form. Many factors such as the foods eaten and the processing of foods by fire and tools have effected this evolution course. The evolution of the masticatory complex is related to other anatomical features such as brain size and bipedal posture, and leads to important proceedings like the formation of speech and language. In this review, the evolution of human jaws and teeth and its impact on the general course of human evolution is discussed.
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Recent developmental studies demonstrate that early fossil hominins possessed shorter growth periods than living humans, implying disparate life histories. Analyses of incremental features in teeth provide an accurate means of assessing the age at death of developing dentitions, facilitating direct comparisons with fossil and modern humans. It is currently unknown when and where the prolonged modern human developmental condition originated. Here, an application of x-ray synchrotron microtomography reveals that an early Homo sapiens juvenile from Morocco dated at 160,000 years before present displays an equivalent degree of tooth development to modern European children at the same age. Crown formation times in the juvenile's macrodont dentition are higher than modern human mean values, whereas root development is accelerated relative to modern humans but is less than living apes and some fossil hominins. The juvenile from Jebel Irhoud is currently the oldest-known member of Homo with a developmental pattern (degree of eruption, developmental stage, and crown formation time) that is more similar to modern H. sapiens than to earlier members of Homo. This study also underscores the continuing importance of North Africa for understanding the origins of human anatomical and behavioral modernity. Corresponding biological and cultural changes may have appeared relatively late in the course of human evolution.
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Hominidae
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Despite the rapid expansion of archaeological knowledge of the Paleolithic over the past several decades, some generalized interpretive frameworks inherited from previous generations of researchers are remarkably tenacious. One of the most persistent of these is the assumed correlation between blade technologies, Upper Paleolithic industries, and anatomically (and behaviorally) modern humans. In this paper, we review some of the evidence for the production of early blade technologies in Eurasia and Africa dating to the late Lower and the Middle Paleolithic. The basic techniques for blade production appeared thousands of years before the Upper Paleolithic, and there is no justification for linking blades per se to any particular aspect of hominid anatomy or to any major change in the behavioral capacities of hominids. It is true that blades came to dominate the archaeological records of western Eurasia and Africa after 40,000 years ago, perhaps as a consequence of increasing reliance on complex composite tools during the Upper Paleolithic. At the same time, evidence from other regions of the world demonstrates that evolutionary trends in Pleistocene Eurasia were historically contingent and not universal. [Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, blade technology, human evolution, hominid behavior and capacities]
Upper Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic
Archaeological record
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Abstract Evidence of mobiliary art and body augmentation are associated with the cultural innovations introduced by Homo sapiens at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic. Here, we report the discovery of the oldest known human-modified punctate ornament, a decorated ivory pendant from the Paleolithic layers at Stajnia Cave in Poland. We describe the features of this unique piece, as well as the stratigraphic context and the details of its chronometric dating. The Stajnia Cave plate is a personal 'jewellery' object that was created 41,500 calendar years ago (directly radiocarbon dated). It is the oldest known of its kind in Eurasia and it establishes a new starting date for a tradition directly connected to the spread of modern Homo sapiens in Europe.
Homo sapiens
Upper Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic
Hominidae
Neanderthal
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It has been proposed that a multiregional model could describe how Homo sapiens evolved in Africa beginning 300,000 years ago. Multiregionalism would require enduring morphological or behavioral differences among African regions and morphological or behavioral continuity within each. African fossils, archeology, and genetics do not comply with either requirement and are unlikely to, because climatic change periodically disrupted continuity and reshuffled populations. As an alternative to multiregionalism, I suggest that reshuffling produced novel gene constellations, including one in which the additive or cumulative effect of newly associated genes enhanced cognitive or communicative potential. Eventual fixation of such a constellation in the lineage leading to modern H. sapiens would explain the abrupt appearance of the African Later Stone Age 50-45 thousand years ago, its nearly simultaneous expansion to Eurasia in the form of the Upper Paleolithic, and the ability of fully modern Upper Paleolithic people to swamp or replace non-modern Eurasians.
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Hominidae
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The appearance of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in Europe, the Near East, and Africa must represent either an in situ evolution of Neandertals or a migration. Those who suggest the latter claim a sudden replacement of Neandertals by anatomically modern Homo sapiens. However, the “evidence” actually cited claims only the sudden replacement of Middle by Upper Paleolithic industries. We criticize the migration explanation on two grounds. (1) There is no “sudden replacement” of Middle Paleolithic by Upper Paleolithic industries, but rather a gradual change in the frequencies of already present tools. Numerous sites in these areas exhibit transitional industries. (2) Concomitantly, there is no morphological evidence indicating a “sudden replacement” of hominids. There is no absolute association between anatomically modern Homo sapiens and Upper Paleolithic industries. Instead, the evidence clearly shows that early anatomically modern Homo sapiens is a late Middle Paleolithic local phenomenon .
Middle Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic
Homo sapiens
Hominidae
Neanderthal
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