GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TRICLOSAN ON EQUINE AND BOVINE BABESIA PARASITES
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We evaluated the growth inhibitory effect of triclosan, which has recently been reported to inhibit the growth of Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii, on bovine and equine Babesia parasites in in vitro cultures The growth of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina was significantly inhibited in the presence of 100 microg/ml of triclosan, while B. caballi and B. equi were susceptible to as low as 50 microg/ml. Babesia bigemina and B. caballi were completely cleared as early as on the first and second day of the treatment, respectively. These parasites did not exhibit any growth in the subsequent five-day period of subculture without triclosan. Drug-treated parasites appeared pycnotic and atypically shaped, and ultrastructurally showed pronounced vacuolations, leading to complete destruction of parasites. Light microscopy showed that used concentrations of triclosan showed no toxicity against the host cells. The results suggest that triclosan can be used for chemotherapy of babesiosis.Keywords:
Babesia bigemina
Babesiosis is one of the most important protozoan diseases of livestock from an economic viewpoint. Moreover, due to its zoonotic character and widespread occurrence, it is also gaining attention as an emerging malaria-like disease. Whilst several drugs have been used to treat babesiosis, and most exert adequate babesiacidal activities, some have demonstrated severe side effects, toxicity, and potent resistance phenomena. Thus, the quest for new and effective drugs and drug combinations, as well as chemotherapeutic targets, is a continuing endeavor. In this chapter, for a better understanding of the organism, the parasite will be introduced in terms of its etiology and life cycle, followed by details of compounds recently and successfully tested in in vitro cultured bovine and equine Babesia spp. The elucidation of possible drug targets, and their future application in vivo, is also discussed. Notably, the focus of the chapter relates to the development or detection of possible compounds and drug targets, rather than to current standard treatments and established drug targets.
Babesia bovis
Babesia bigemina
Theileria
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Babesia infection of red blood cells can cause a severe disease called babesiosis in susceptible hosts. Bovine babesiosis causes global economic loss to the beef and dairy cattle industries, and canine babesiosis is considered a clinically significant disease. Potential therapeutic targets against bovine and canine babesiosis include members of the exportome, i.e., those proteins exported from the parasite into the host red blood cell. We developed three machine learning-derived methods (two novel and one adapted) to predict for every known Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and Babesia canis protein the probability of being an exportome member. Two well-studied apicomplexan-related species, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, with extensive experimental evidence on their exportome or excreted/secreted proteins were used as important benchmarks for the three methods. Based on 10-fold cross validation and multiple train-validation-test splits of training data, we expect that over 90% of the predicted probabilities accurately provide a secretory or non-secretory indicator. Only laboratory testing can verify that predicted high exportome membership probabilities are creditable exportome indicators. However, the presented methods at least provide those proteins most worthy of laboratory validation and will ultimately save time and money.
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Babesia canis
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Babesia bovis
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IN MEXICO, THERE IS AN ATTENUATED LIVE VACCINE AGAINST BOVINE BABESIOSIS THAT HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CONFER PROTECTION TO SUSCEPTIBLE CATTLE IMMUNIZED AND CHALLENGED UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. IMMUNIZED CATTLE SURVIVE A CHALLENGE USING KNOWN NUMBERS OF VIRULENT PARASITES OF BOTH BABESIA BOVIS AND BABESIA BIGEMINA. HOWEVER, STRESS-INDUCING FIELD SITUATIONS SUCH AS TRANSPORTATION OR TICK-TRANSMITTED INFECTION HAVE NOT BEEN TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT. THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE THE PROTECTIVE CAPACITY OF THE COMBINED VACCINE IN CATTLE IMMUNIZED IN A TICK-FREE AREA AND THEN TRANSPORTED TO AN ENDEMIC AREA. TEN, 18 MONTH OLD, SUSCEPTIBLE CHAROLAIS STEERS WERE DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: ONE GROUP WAS IMMUNIZED WITH 1 €” 107 ERYTHROCYTES INFECTED WITH IN VITRO CULTURE-DERIVED BABESIA BOVIS AND BABESIA BIGEMINA PARASITES; WHILE THE SECOND GROUP WAS IMMUNIZED WITH UNINFECTED BOVINE ERYTHROCYTES. TWO MONTHS LATER, BOTH GROUPS WERE TRANSFERRED TO A BOVINE BABESIOSIS ENDEMIC AREA AND ALLOCATED IN A CORRAL INFESTED WITH BABESIA-INFECTED BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS TICKS. ANIMALS REMAINED THERE FOR THE REST OF THE EXPERIMENT AND NEVER RECEIVED IXODICIDE TREATMENT. EIGHTEEN DAYS POST-ALLOCATION, ALL FIVE CONTROL ANIMALS PRESENTED WITH SEVERE CLINICAL SIGNS CHARACTERISTIC OF ACUTE BOVINE BABESIOSIS, INCLUDING A RECTAL TEMPERATURE (RT) GREATER THAN 40.5OC FOR SEVERAL DAYS AND A DECREASED PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV) OF 48%. BOTH PROTOZOAN SPECIES WERE FOUND IN BLOOD SMEARS AND ALL ANIMALS IN THE CONTROL GROUP HAD TO BE TREATED IN ORDER TO AVOID THEIR DEMISE. THE IMMUNIZED CATTLE ALSO PRESENTED BOTH BABESIA SPECIES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD SAMPLES, INCREASED RT AND A 37% PCV REDUCTION, BUT REMAINED IN GOOD CORPORAL CONDITION AND DID NOT REQUIRE TREATMENT. THIS STUDY SHOWS THE PROTECTIVE CAPACITY CONFERRED TO CATTLE BY THE COMBINED VACCINE WHEN IMMUNIZED IN A BABESIA-FREE AREA AND THEN TRANSPORTED TO AN ENDEMIC AREA.
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Babesia microti Cysteine Protease-1 as a Target for Vaccine Development. (August 2005) Allison Melissa James, B.S., University of California at Irvine Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Patricia Holman Babesia species have a worldwide distribution, affecting a wide range of mammalian hosts. The major route of transmission is inoculation by an infected Ixodid tick. Babesia species of major economic concern are those that cause bovine and equine babesiosis. Historically, bovine Babesia species, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina caused significant economic losses in the United States in the 1860’s, as thousands of cattle died. Also, outbreaks of equine babesiosis, caused by Babesia equi or Babesia caballi, have occurred in the United States resulting in the death of some horses and millions of dollars in losses. A constant risk of reinfection with bovine and equine Babesia species exists, as stray and smuggled animals from Mexico, where bovine babesiosis is endemic, may carry infected ticks as they cross the border, and, thousands of horses from B. equiand B. caballi-endemic regions are imported through Florida every year. Vaccines have been developed for a number of Babesia species, none of which result in sterile immunity. The live attenuated vaccine is the most commonly used vaccine against Babesia species. However, the basis for the vaccine is to maintain a carrier state iii
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Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens are considered by International health authorities (OIE) as the principal species of Babesia that cause bovine babesiosis. Animals that recover from a babesial primo infection may remain as persistent carriers with no clinical signs of disease and can be the source of infection for ticks that are able to acquire Babesia parasites from infected cattle and to transmit Babesia parasites to susceptible cattle. Several procedures that have been developed for parasite detection and diagnosis of this infectious carrier state constitute the basis for this review: A brief description of the direct microscopic detection of Babesia-infected erytrocytes; PCR-based diagnostic assays, which are very sensitive particularly in detecting Babesia in carrier cattle; in-vitro culture methods, used to demonstrate presence of carrier infections of Babesia sp.; animal inoculation, particularly for B. divergens isolation are discussed. Alternatively, persistently infected animals can be tested for specific antibabesial antibodies by using indirect serological assays. Serological procedures are not necessarily consistent in identifying persistently infected animals and have the disadvantage of presenting with cross reactions between antibodies to Babesia sp.
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Babesia bovis
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Babesia bovis
Rhipicephalus microplus
Tick-borne disease
Theileria
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The objetive of this chapteris to describe an update of the main diagnostic techniques, that allow for the identification of persistently infected cattle that remain as asymptomatic carriers of Babesia spp. Bovine babesiosis is a parasitic disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoan organisms of the genus Babesia. The most important species that affect cattle are Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina and Babesia divergens. Various techniques have been implemented to diagnose bovine babesiosis, usually the first choice is the thin or thick blood Giemsa-stained smear to microscopically demonstrate the presence of parasites as etiology of the clinical symptoms. Babesial infections are difficult to detect because of the low number of parasites in peripheral blood. Therefore, DNA-based molecular methods have been developed with great advantages, such as high analytical sensitivity and specificity rates. As an alternative, indirect serological assays can be used to check animals with persistent infections for particular antibabesial antibodies. Serological techniques have the drawback of presenting with cross responses between antibodies to Babesia sp. and are not always reliable in identifying animals that are persistently infected.
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Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis and is transmitted by the tick vector Boophilus microplus. In this study, we investigate B. bigemina infection regarding the clinical infection, T cell distribution, and cytokine profile during the acute phase of an experimental infection in pregnant cows.
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