Genome Size Variation among Accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana
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• Background and Aims Estimates of the amount of nuclear DNA of Arabidopsis thaliana, known to be among the lowest within angiosperms, vary considerably. This study aimed to determine genome size of a range of accessions from throughout the entire Eurasian range of the species.Keywords:
Genome size
Nuclear DNA
Two Arabidopsis mutants atmyb123 and atkor1 were identified from the T-DNA insertion knockout mutant lines SAIL_005260 and SAIL_2_G11,respectively,and then a double mutant atmyb123/atkor1 was established by crossing method.The two mutants are lacking expression for ATMYB123 and ATKOR1 genes,respectively,which two were found to be tightly related to root development in Arabidopsis thaliana.The results obtained here showed that lack of ATMYB123 gene in expression led to a slow growth of plant rosettes and a yellow skin of seeds in Arabidopsis,while lack of ATKOR1 gene in expression had no marked effects on these two factors.Any one of the two genes ATMYB123 and ATKOR1 knockout extremely repressed the root development in Arabidopsis,especially the knockout of ATKOR1 gene,the mutant atkor1 showed only one third of length of roots as compared to wild type(WT).Interestingly,the double mutant atmyb123/atkor1 exhibited the characteristics of the single mutant atmyb123 has in plant rosette morphology and seed skins but presented intermediated root length between the two single mutants.In addition,the growth trend of roots among the three mutants had no fundamental changes when the plants were cultivated under different pH,NaCl treatments and GA concentration conditions,which imply that these three factors were not concerned in the root shortening event induced by lack of any one of ATMYB123 or/and ATKOR1 proteins in A.thaliana.These results suggest that both ATMYB123 and ATKOR1 genes participate in the root development of Arabidopsis and a specific relationship in functions exist between the two proteins,ATMYB123 and ATKOR1.The transcription factor ATMYB123 might act as a major regulator of ATKOR1 protein for participating the control of root development in Arabidopsis.
Rosette (schizont appearance)
Wild type
Gene knockout
Root hair
Lateral root
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This study investigated the pattern of variation in nuclear DNA content at different ploidy levels in Fragaria (Strawberry, Rosaceae) using flow cytometry based on mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) reflected by propidium-iodide-stained nuclei. On average, MFI values were 237 for diploids F. vesca, F. viridis, and F. nubicola, 416.5 for tetraploid F. orientalis, 621.5 for hexaploid F. moschata, and 798 for octoploids F. × ananassa, F. virginiana, and F. chiloensis. Within diploids MFI ranged from 225.9 in F. vesca ssp. vesca to 255.4 in F. nubicola, and within octoploids varied from 766 in F. × ananassa to 808 in F. virginiana. The nuclear DNA variation was significant among diploid species (N = 21, P < 0.008), but not across octoploid species (N = 17, P>0.386). MFI values were also variable among different genotypes of a given species though not significant. The values of mean basic genome DNA (MFI divided by ploidy level) were 118.5, 104, 103.5, and 99.8, respectively, for diploids, tetraploid, hexaploid, and octoploid species. This indicates that relative genomic size decreases by increasing ploidy level, and that there is no direct proportional relationship between DNA content and ploidy levels in Fragaria, supporting the idea of genome downsizing during polyploidization in plants.
Fragaria
Nuclear DNA
Genome size
Propidium iodide
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尽管高活动性组 B (HMGB ) 蛋白质被识别了从许多在对改变环境条件的植物回答的植物种类，他们的重要性和功能的角色大部分是未知的。这里，我们调查了在对环境刺激的植物回答从黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.) 孤立的 CsHMGB 的功能的角色。在正常生长条件下面或当使遭到了到冷应力时，在植物生长的差别都没在表示 CsHMGB 上在野类型、转基因的 Arabidopsis thaliana 之间被发现。由对比，当在高盐或脱水压力条件下面成长时，转基因的 Arabidopsis 植物与野类型的植物相比显示了延迟的萌芽。转基因的植物的萌芽被 abscisic 酸(骆驼毛的织物) 的增加推迟，暗示 CsHMGB 影响通过一个骆驼毛的织物依赖者方法的萌芽。CsHMGB 的表示影响了仅仅萌芽阶段，并且 CsHMGB 没在压力条件下面影响转基因的植物的幼苗生长。几萌芽应答的基因的抄本层次被 CsHMGB 的表示在 Arabidopsis 调制。总起来说，这些结果建议在 Arabidopsis 的 CsHMGB 的那宫外的表情调制几萌芽应答的基因的表示，并且从而在不同压力条件下面影响 Arabidopsis 植物的萌芽。
Cucumis
Drought stress
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Research Article: The effects of aluminum toxicity on the protein expression of Arabidopsis thaliana
Wild type and mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants were used to investigate the protein expression of plants exposed to elevated concentrations of aluminum. Plants were grown in a growth chamber at 25°C, 16-hour day, and 8-hour dark for eight weeks before subjecting them to different concentrations of AlCl3 solution. Time course experiments showed that Arabidopsis plants respond to aluminum toxicity by altering their protein expression. Our data indicate that aluminum toxicity caused Arabidopsis plants to express a protein in the range of 97 kD, and a medium-molecular weight protein in the range of 45 kD. Our data also indicate that responses by Arabidopsis plants to Al toxicity are not similar to responses to stresses that cause the induction of HSP70.
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Abstract: Polyclonal antisera against a fusion protein of β‐galactosidase and the 20 C‐terminal amino acids of the Arabidopsis thaliana sucrose carrier AtSUC2 were used to determine the cellular localization of the AtSUC2 protein. Using fluorescence‐labelling on sections from different organs of Arabidopsis the AtSUC2 protein was immunolocalized exclusively in companion cells. The presented data indicate that phloem loading in Arabidopsis may be catalyzed by the AtSUC2 sucrose carrier which transports sucrose into the companion cells. No evidence for a participation of the second Arabidopsis sucrose transporter AtSUC1 has been obtained.
Polyclonal antibodies
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Genome size has been estimated by flow cytometry in 14 populations belonging to eight taxa (seven species, one of them with two varieties) of the genus Tripleurospermum. 2C nuclear DNA amounts range from 4.87 to 9.22 pg, and nuclear DNA amounts per basic chromosome set from 1.99 to 2.75 pg. Statistically significant differences depending on ploidy level, life cycle or environmental factors such as altitude have been found. Also, genome size is positively correlated with total karyotype length. The presence of rhizome is related to nuclear DNA content in these species.
Genome size
Nuclear DNA
Nuclear gene
Polyploid
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Ozet. Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis)’nin kromozom sayisinin az olmasi, bu bitkinin genetik yapisinin diger bitki turlerine gore daha kolay calisilmasina olanak saglamakta, ayrica diger bitkilerde patojenlere karsi gozlenen ana savunma mekanizmalari bu bitkide de bulunmaktadir. Bu acidan, konukcu bitkilerin patojen saldirilarina karsi savunma mekanizmalarini calisma konusunda Arabidopsis bitkisi ideal bir model sistem olusturmaktadir. Bu derlemenin amaci, patojenlere karsi bitki savunma mekanizmasinin genetigini anlamada Arabidopsis’in bir sablon olarak nasil kullanildigini, bitki ekotiplerinin patojen izolatlarina karsi gosterdigi farkliliklari (duyarlilik ve dayaniklilik) ortaya koyacak inceleme metodlarini aciklamaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arabidopsis thaliana, Peronospora parasitica, hastaliklara dayaniklilik, mutant bitkiler A Model Plant In Host-Pathogen Interaction: Arabidopsis thaliana Abstract. Because of its small genome, genetic studies are performed easier in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) compared to other plants and it exhibits all of the major kinds of defense responses described in other plants. Thus, Arabidopsis provides to be an ideal model system for studies of host defense responses to pathogen attack. This review details methods to isolate and utilize phytopathogens useful as probes in understanding the genetics of plant defense responses in Arabidopsis. As well, it will be defined how screening systems can be set up to detirmine differential responses (resistance and susceptibility) of Arabidopsis ecotypes to pathogen isolates. Key Words: Arabidopsis thaliana, Peronospora parasitica, disease resistance, mutant plants
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Nuclear genome size, as measured by flow cytometry with propidium iodide, was used to investigate the relationships within the genus Eucomis L'Hér. (Hyacinthaceae). Most species of Eucomis have the same basic chromosome number, x = 15. However, the somatic DNA 2C-value (2C) is shown to range from 21 to 31 pg for the diploids. The largest genome contains roughly 1010 more base pairs than the smallest. Genome sizes are evaluated here in combination with available morphological and geographical data. Therefore, the taxonomy proposed here is not based on genome size alone. The genus Eucomis, as here determined, has 12 species. These can be divided into two groups: mainly dwarf diploid species and large-sized, tetraploid species. A small diploid plant, Eucomis (autumnalis subsp.) amaryllidifolia, is restored to species status, as a diploid subspecies seems incongruent with an allotetraploid Eucomis autumnalis. Moreover, as a diploid it is separated reproductively from the allotetraploid E. autumnalis. A new diploid species that has the lowest C value, E. grimshawii, is described here. On the basis of DNA content and other morphological characters, possible parents are suggested for all tetraploid species. Nuclear DNA content as measured by using flow cytometry may conveniently be used to produce systematic data. It is applicable even in dormant bulbs or sterile plants for the monitoring of the trade in bulbous species.
Genome size
Nuclear DNA
Subspecies
Polyploid
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Abstract Genome size evolution and its relationship with pollen grain size has been investigated in sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ), an economically important crop which is closely related to diploid and tetraploid species, assessing the nuclear DNA content of 22 accessions from five Ipomoea species, ten sweet potato varieties and two outgroup taxa. Nuclear DNA amounts were determined using flow cytometry. Pollen grains were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. 2C DNA content of hexaploid I. batatas ranged between 3.12–3.29 pg; the mean monoploid genome size being 0.539 pg (527 Mbp), similar to the related diploid accessions. In tetraploid species I. trifida and I. tabascana , 2C DNA content was, respectively, 2.07 and 2.03 pg. In the diploid species closely related to sweet potato e.g. I. × leucantha , I. tiliacea , I. trifida and I. triloba , 2C DNA content was 1.01–1.12 pg. However, two diploid outgroup species, I. setosa and I. purpurea , were clearly different from the other diploid species, with 2C of 1.47–1.49 pg; they also have larger chromosomes. The I. batatas genome presents 60.0% AT bases. DNA content and ploidy level were positively correlated within this complex. In I. batatas and the more closely related species I. trifida , the genome size and ploidy levels were correlated with pollen size. Our results allow us to propose alternative or complementary hypotheses to that currently proposed for the formation of hexaploid Ipomoea batatas .
Ipomoea
Convolvulaceae
Nuclear DNA
Genome size
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The article presents a study on the mutual influence of mutant genes in productivity of Arabidopsis plant ( Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.), in different growing models of plant communities. It is shown that under the joint cultivation of five genetically pure lines of Arabidopsis is occurring mutual inhibition and aid, which leads decreasing or increasing of seed production plants.
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