Exploring Stratification and Entrepreneurship: African American Women Entrepreneurs Redefine Success in Growth Ventures
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The relationship between social stratification and entrepreneurship is one that is underexplored in the literature of management and organizations. In the authors' view, social stratification (social structure, institutions, and culture) influences the context, process, experience, and outcomes of entrepreneurship. In this article, the authors discuss these relationships in the context of African American women engaged in high-growth entrepreneurship. The authors support their premise by presenting the limitations of prevailing approaches that exist within the current minority and women entrepreneurship literatures. Using the concept of entrepreneurial success as an example, the authors demonstrate how a social stratification and entrepreneurship framework may be useful for scholars who seek to understand the process of entrepreneurship.Keywords:
Social Stratification
Stratification (seeds)
Social Entrepreneurship
As defined by the editors of this book, ‘non-market entrepreneurship’ consists of all forms of entrepreneurship not being undertaken solely for purposes of profit maximization or commercialization, and encompasses entrepreneurial activities such as social enterprise and entrepreneurship, public sector entrepreneurship, policy entrepreneurship, non-profit entrepreneurship, and philanthropic enterprise, among many others. The eminent cast of contributors gives coherence to the academic and public discussions on the topic, builds a theoretical edifice within the field of entrepreneurship and helps to establish and delineate the contours of the research field of non-market entrepreneurship.
Social Entrepreneurship
Profit maximization
Social enterprise
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Gender stratification is associated with all forms of social stratification in society, which represents inequality in the distribution of benefits and responsibilities. This is an indicator that divided people into “male” and “female” categories. Therefore, the studied problems are of no small importance for the society. The main goal of the work is to study the features of gender stratification in the nomadic culture. To achieve this goal, the authors used methods of analysis and description. By itself, gender stratification, as history shows, cannot be the basis for the stratification of society as such. The authors found that gender stratification in the family is not a basis, but a consequence of general social stratification. The authors also found that the social stratification of the Kazakh nomadic ethnos is quite complex and, moreover, heterogeneous. This stratification is distributed over the so-called zhuz. The authors came to the conclusion that the Kazakh ethnos for many years has been collecting many ethnic groups, which Gumilev called ‘superethnos’. The key stratification of the Kazakh ethnos, which is related to others, must be represented in the form of three zhuz: The Senior (Uly), the Middle (Orta) and the Junior (Kishi).
Kazakh
Stratification (seeds)
Social Stratification
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An analysis of the recognition change in the social stratification theories of Mao Zedong,Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin,leaders of three generations of the CPC,on the background of modern China's social stratification structure evolution,reveals the ultimate agents of the evolution and shows the importance of realizing a theoretic innovation in the stratification theory and formulating a stratification theory of Chinese characteristics to the time requirement,to promote the social stratification structure modernization and socialist harmonious society construction.
Social Stratification
Stratification (seeds)
Harmonious Society
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In view of the social stratification of China,this paper adopts theoretical analysis to discuss the impact of China's social stratification on tremendous economic development.The investigation suggests measures to the problems as follows: to advance reasonable stratification;to guide horizontal stratification;to rationally design the income distribution system and to reform the household registration system.This research will offer significant reference to the solution of China's social stratification.
Social Stratification
Stratification (seeds)
Economic reform
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(1970). Path Models of Functional Theories of Social Stratification as Representations of Cultural Beliefs on Stratification. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 474-484.
Stratification (seeds)
Social Stratification
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Stratification analysis has been used effectively in a variety of community studies.2 Social scientists, however, have done relatively little in studying the stratification structure of other sub-cultures. This paper reports on a study of a type of stratification found in the college campus social system.
Stratification (seeds)
Prestige
Social Stratification
Social status
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Ethnic stratification is compared with other forms of stratification, particularly those based on economic class. Using “ethnic” in its broadest sense, it is clear that such groups are most likely to move toward creation of their own separate nation‐state. As a consequence, there are certain outcomes of ethnic stratification that cannot be accounted for in a general theory of stratification or one based solely on economic dimensions. An ethnic stratification system will also affect other forms of stratification in the society. For example, class alliances will be weaker if a given economic level is occupied by different ethnic strata. The added proliferation of statuses in a society with ethnic stratification compounds the political process. Other ways are also considered in which the presence of an ethnic hierarchy in the nation interacts with and affects age, sex, and economic stratification.
Stratification (seeds)
Social Stratification
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The reproduction of educational stratification, also known as the solidification of social stratification due to the uneven distribution of educational resources, is one of the current social ills. With the help of Bourdieu's educational stratification theory, the logical mechanism of the reproduction of educational stratification is analyzed from the logic of the process before entering the schooling system, during the schooling system, and after leaving the schooling system to provide countermeasures and references for breaking the solidification of educational resources stratification.
Stratification (seeds)
Social Stratification
Social Reproduction
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Research on the Transition and Stratification of the Wa People in Damasa Society of Ximeng in Yunnan
Based on the two investigations in the field,Jan. Aug.,2008,and with the social stratification theory,the author had a deep analysis on the social stratification of the Damasa village in Ximeng Autonomous County at different historical time.
Stratification (seeds)
Social Stratification
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Division of labor in society promoted the spring up of academic profession and the formation of stratification system.In the later times of Middle Ages in Europe,the occupation of professor became a new social systematic occupation.The emergence of the occupation of teaching assistant was the first inner stratification in colleges and universities,which reflected the feature of automatic stratification of professor.Afterwards,this in turn emerged occupations such as lecturer,assistant professor,associate professor etc.,and formed a systematic stratification structure,which indicated the characteristic of induced institutional change.In China,academic profession of colleges and universities formed a four-level stratification system: professor,associate professor,lecturer,and teaching assistant.During the change of stratification system,it generally experienced four main stages: four-level stratification,single-level stratification,four-level stratification,four-level and thirteen grades,which indicated the feature of compulsory systematic change from top to bottom.At present,the stratification system of academic profession of colleges and universities in China has the features as follows: the combination of governmental guiding and universities' self-leading,efficiency-centered and position-centered.
Stratification (seeds)
Social Stratification
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