A kinetic description of anisotropic fluids with multivalued internal energy
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Kinetic Theory
Internal energy
Operator (biology)
Metastability
Internal energy
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The concept of the physical evolution process for the distribution function is used to derive a non-equilibrium hydro-kinetic transport theory. The hydro-kinetic distribution that is interpolated between the kinetic and hydrodynamic levels is introduced to elucidate the physics of evolution for the distribution. The evolution scales of the distribution are decomposed into characteristic scales of hydrodynamic parameters, such as carrier density, energy and momentum characteristic times. The coarseness of the hydro-kinetic distribution function is determined by scales of the chosen hydrodynamic parameters. The hydro-kinetic distribution is used to close the infinite set of moments and to determine the rate coefficients in the closed set of hydrodynamic equations. In this paper, the hydro-kinetic distribution at the energy characteristic scale is applied to study evolution of the electron energy/momentum distribution and transport parameters, including inter-valley transfer, in GaAs subjected to a fast varying electric field. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are also included to illustrate the difference between evolution scales of the kinetic and tepsilon -scale hydro-kinetic distributions. The study indicates that the electron distribution is strongly dependent on the mean energy but weakly on the average momentum. In GaAs subjected to a rapid increase in field, effects of the momentum dependence is enhanced only near the peak of strong velocity overshoot, such as the overshoot in the Gamma valley. The Gamma -valley energy scale hydro-kinetic (energy dependent) distribution thus appreciably deviates from the kinetic distribution near the peak of strong overshoot. As a result, the hydro-kinetic model leads to a smaller overshoot in the Gamma valley than the Me method. In the case of less pronounced velocity overshoot, the energy scale hydro-kinetic distribution can reasonably follow the evolution scale of the kinetic distribution function.
Momentum (technical analysis)
Velocity overshoot
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This chapter contains sections titled: Kinetic Theory of Plasmas Kinetic Equations for ideal and Nonideal Plasmas inclusion of the Averaged Dynamical Polarization in the Roltzmann Kinetic Equation for a Nonideal Plasma Kinetic Theory of Fluctuations in a Gas and a Plasma The Kinetic Equation for a Partly Ionized Plasma with Inelastic Processes Taken into Account
Kinetic Theory
Plasma Modeling
Kinetic scheme
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We employ the leading order QCD kinetic theory to describe a consistent matching between the initial stage of a heavy ion collision and the subsequent hydrodynamic evolution. We use the linearized kinetic response functions around the non-equilibirum longitudinally expanding background to map initial energy and momentum perturbations to the energy momentum tensor at hydrodynamic initialization time τ hydro . We check that hadronic observables then become rather insensitive to the cross-over time between kinetic theory and viscous hydrodynamics. The universal scaling of kinetic response in units of kinetic relaxation time allows for a straightforward application of kinetic pre-equilibration event-by-event.
Kinetic Theory
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Kinetic theory is typically based on describing the evolution of the distribution of velocities of particles. Fluid conservation laws and transport equations are constructed from velocity-moments of this kinetic equation. Here, an alternative viewpoint is developed based on describing the distribution of forces acting on particles. It is shown that equivalent fluid conservation laws and transport equations can be constructed based on the force distribution function. This alternative viewpoint may have certain advantages. It is more directly related to properties such as bremsstrahlung emission, and descriptions of transport based on equilibrium fluctuations. It is also more directly connected with certain experimental measurements, such as scattering of test charges. Furthermore, it can provide alternative methods to compute transport properties using equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.
Kinetic Theory
Conservation law
Convection–diffusion equation
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The world is governed by motions. The term kinetics partially originated from the Greek word "kinisis," which means motion. How important is motion in our life is easily understood. But, how the kinetic theories have been developed during years? Which are the new kinetic theories and updates in recent years? This question and many others can be answered with this book. Some important areas discussed in this book are the kinetic theory of gases, kinetic theory of liquids and vapors, thermodynamic aspects, transportation phenomena, adsorption-kinetic theories, linear and nonlinear kinetic equations, quantum kinetic theory, kinetic theory of nucleation, plasma kinetic theory, and relativistic kinetic theory.
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Kinetic Theory
Atoms in molecules
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Kinetic Theory
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The kinetic theory of rarefied gases is used to show that there is a difference between the kinetic temperature and the thermodynamic one. The former represents the mean kinetic energy of the molecules while the latter is the one measured by a contact thermometer. The argument is based upon a recent paper [1] by Müller and Ruggeri.
Kinetic Theory
Thermodynamic temperature
Thermometer
Mean kinetic temperature
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In collision-induced dissociation, some of an incident parent ion's kinetic energy is converted into internal energy upon collision with a neutral target. The kinetic energy lost is related to the amount of internal energy deposited into any individual ion. To see dissociations of different critical energies on the same time scale, different amounts of internal energy need to be deposited. This should be reflected in the kinetic energy lost by the parent ion in the formation of different product ions. Variable amounts of energy loss in the formation of different peptide product ions are reported here. It is seen that different product ion types (b, y, a) show ordered patterns of energy losses. A greater energy loss is observed for the formation of b-type product ions than for y-type, and even greater energy losses are observed for the formation of a-type product ions. A very good correlation between ion type energy loss and ion mass is observed. Thus, measuring the energy losses in the formation of product ions may provide a means for classifying the product ion type.
Internal energy
Collision-induced dissociation
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