Nematophagous Fungi: Physiological Aspects and Structure–Function Relationships
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A fungus was isolated from the pathologic tissue of Fargesia nitida.Based on its morphological studies,such as sporulation patterns and conidia characteristics,the authors found that the strain was a member of small-spored Alternaria species.However,the strain was distinguished difference from the others: Its conidiophores were usually single,sometimes clustered,without divarication.Most of its conidia were single,seldom in chain,with the size larger than the relatives.Its host was Fargesia nitida,a clumping bamboo.So it was a new species.Alternaria bambusicola sp.nov.was proposed for the fungus.The dry culture was preserved in the lab of school of life science,Shandong University of Technology.
Strain (injury)
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The nematode-destroying fungus had an optimal growth on 0.4 g/L CMA.The liquid medium of same CMA can be used to preserve fungus for a longer time.In order to differentiate the nematode-destroying fungus from other fungi,the alive third larvae of nematode should be given for inducing the fungus to produce trapping organs(rings and networks) when it was isolated.The vegetative hypha and conidia were formed in different development stages.The colourless hypha of Arthrobotrys oligospora developed well in different length of segments and the single conidiophore surrounded by two or more circles of conidia,which look like plum blossoms,stretched up.The conidia are colourless,stout and inverse egg-shaped,and they are divided into two unequal parts:one with a rounder dissociative end is biger and another with a sharper end connected to the conidiophore is smaller.
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Morphogenesis of microsclerotia and conidiomata, and conidiogenesis in Scleroconidioma sphagnicola were studied primarily by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Microsclerotia were initiated as bulges from hyphae that later swelled and became multicellular. They increased in size by forming protrusions that subsequently were delimited by multilayered, simple septa. The structure of septa indicated an ascomycetous affinity. Cells of mature microsclerotia contained large lipid bodies and poorly defined organelles. In culture, microsclerotia often became conidiomata by conversion of the surface cell layer to conidiogenous cells. These conidiogenous cells were either percurrently proliferating or were phialides with a collarette and periclinal wall thickening. Conidia were also produced from vegetative hyphae. Conidiogenous cells arising from juvenile, hyaline hyphae proliferated percurrently or occasionally sympodially with the production of successive conidia. As the colony aged and hyphae became darkly pigmented, variously shaped, solitary hologenous conidia became more dominant. Secondary conidiation from these conidia was frequent. Relative juvenility of the cell wall at the conidiogenous locus and the age of the colony appear to be important factors in determining the mode of conidium development in S. sphagnicola.
Conidiation
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Formation of conidium, an asexual organ on the hyphae, was examined from ten species of Pleurotus. Conidiospores of them were distinguished into two types of spores; an elliptical and a globose spores. Dikaryotic hyphae of ten species and monokaryotic hyphae of three species were observed to produce conidiospore. Conidia were observed on the hyphae grown on mushroom complete agar medium but were not on mushroom minimal agar medium. Two aconidial mutants were obtained by the ultraviolet irradiation.
Dikaryon
Pleurotus
Coprinus
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Development and sporogenesis of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on castor leaf differed from that on other known host plants. C. gloeosporioides had three kinds of hyphae on castor leaf: primary infection hyphae (PIH), runner hyphae (RH) and secondary infection hyphae (SIH). The PIH originated from conidia, grew on leaf surface and entered the leaf by direct penetration of the cuticle without forming appressoria. The RH were sub-cuticular hyphae, the track of which was traceable by the bulgings on the leaf surface, and the SIH were the hyphae that emerged to leaf surface from RH through the cuticle or stomata. Conidia were initiated as small protrusions along the lengths of RH and SIH that got differentiated into distinct conidia, each born on a short stumpy conidiophore without forming any congregation. The protrusions from RH emerged to the leaf surface by piercing the cuticle, and they developed into distinct conidia on the leaf surface. The conidia developed from RH and SIH were identical in size and shape. Even though conidia were occasionally found emerged through stomata, that appeared to be random than a preferred route for the discharge of conidia. The penetration and sporogenesis of C. gloeosporioides on castor leaf differed from that reported on mulberry leaf.
Appressorium
Cuticle (hair)
Plant cuticle
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The growth and reproduction of powdery mildew pathogens is generally encouraged by increasing temperatures, up to 25°C. Germination and germ tube extension of Erysiphe sp. on Rhododendron cv. Elizabeth were optimal at 20°C for conidia originally formed at either 10 or 15°C. During a 50‐day period of colony growth, the viability of conidia formed at 15°C declined but for those formed at 10°C it increased. The expansion of Erysiphe colonies over an initial 12‐day period was favoured by incubation at 15°C compared with 10 or 20°C. In the first 8 to 10 days of growth, secondary and tertiary hyphae formed most rapidly at 20°C. After 12 days, expansion of colonies at 20°C was limited to the area initially infested by primary hyphae, whereas in colonies grown at 10 and 15°C secondary and tertiary hyphae had extended beyond the area first colonized. Small colonies of densely packed hyphae formed at 20°C compared with open spreading colonies observed at 10 and 15°C.
Germ tube
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The analysis of the transverse septa of the mycelium of an ectendomycorrhizal fungus of the pine (strain MrgX 1) using a transmission electron microscope has shown that the septa contain simple pores, which indicates that the fungus belongs to the <i>Ascomycetes</i>.
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