The corneal reflex and the R2 component of the blink reflex
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Abstract:
A reflex contraction of the human orbicularis oculi muscles can be evoked by stimulation of either the supraorbital region (“blink reflex”) or the cornea (“corneal reflex”). We found that the latency of the corneal reflex was longer, and the duration was longer than the R2 component of the blink reflex. The absolute refractory period of the R2 component of the blink reflex was longer after supraorbital than after corneal conditioning stimulation. When the R2 component of the blink reflex was habituated by repetitive stimuli, stimulation of the cornea still evoked a reflex, but supraorbital stimulation produced only a depressed R2 response. These findings suggest that the two reflexes do not have identical neural connections.Keywords:
Supraorbital nerve
Triceps reflex
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Supraorbital nerve
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Component (thermodynamics)
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Electrophysiologic assessment of the blink reflex test and the muscle-evoked potentials evoked by stimulation of the facial nerve were performed in 15 healthy adult Beagles before and after supraorbital (trigeminal) and facial anesthetic nerve blocks performed by lidocaine injections. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve elicited 2 ipsilateral (R1 and R2) and a contralateral (Rc) reflex muscle potential in orbicularis oculi muscles. Electrical stimulation of the facial nerve elicited 2 muscle potentials (a direct response [D] and a reflex faciofacial response [RF]) in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Anesthetic block of the left supraorbital nerve resulted in bilateral lack of responses upon left supraorbital nerve stimulation, but normal responses in right and left orbicularis oculi muscles upon right supraorbital stimulation. Right facial anesthetic block produced lack of responses in the right orbicularis oculi muscle regardless the side of supraorbital nerve stimulation. Results of this study demonstrate that the blink reflex can be electrically elicited and assessed in dogs. Reference values for the blink reflex responses and for the muscle potentials evoked by direct facial nerve stimulation in dogs are provided. The potential usefulness of the electrically elicited blink reflex test in the diagnosis of peripheral facial and trigeminal dysfunction in dogs was demonstrated.
Supraorbital nerve
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Facial muscles
Trigeminal Nerve
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The blink reflex and its equivalent glabella tap reflex are behavioural motor responses normally found in neonates and in the physiological startle reflex. Historically, it was described by Overend in 1896 and soon afterwards by McCarthy and by Bekhterev who disputed its origins. Kugelberg in 1952 recorded the early-latency R1 and the late-latency R2 electromyographic responses from orbicularis oculi and considered the blink reflex to be ‘a true skin reflex’. The mechanisms and clinical diagnostic value are discussed.
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Glabella
Supraorbital nerve
Triceps reflex
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Orbicularis oculi muscle
Supraorbital nerve
Stimulus (psychology)
Trigeminal Nerve
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In Blepharospasm, irregular spasms of orbicularis oculi and continuous spasms of M. levator palpebrae superioris were recorded by needle EMG. But, in spite of severe spasms of M. orbicularis oculi, M. levator palpebrae superioris was recorded cyclic spasms in Meige syndro me. This difference between Blepharospasm and Meige syndrome is not clear today. There were the prolonged latency and the increased amplitude in R2 compoment of blink reflex of Meige syndrome. The basal ganglia influences trigeminal nerve, and so, diseases of the basal ganglia affect the blink reflex. Several studies have shown relationship between the blink reflex and the dopamine activity. Our results indicate that there is an abnormal excitatory drive of facial muscle from the abnormal basal ganglia.
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Blepharospasm
Supraorbital nerve
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Supraorbital nerve
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Facial muscles
Trigeminal Nerve
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
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Abstract Objective To reassess reference values for the components of the electrically induced blink reflex, document reference values for facial motor nerve conduction velocity, and demonstrate usefulness of the blink reflex as a diagnostic tool in peripheral facial and trigeminal nerve dysfunction in horses. Animals 10 healthy adult horses (8 males, 2 females) without neurologic abnormalities. Procedure Blink reflex tests were performed by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and facial (auriculopalpebral) nerve. Reflex and direct muscle-evoked potentials of the orbicularis oculi muscles were recorded from concentric needle electrodes inserted bilaterally in these muscles. Supraorbital and auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were performed by lidocaine hydrochloride injections. Results Supraorbital nerve stimulation elicited 2 or 3 ipsilateral and 1 contralateral reflex muscle potential in the orbicularis oculi muscles. Auriculopalpebral nerve stimulation elicited a direct and a reflex potential in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After left supraorbital nerve block, no responses could be elicited ipsilaterally or contralaterally upon stimulation of the blocked nerve, but bilateral responses were obtained upon stimulation of the right supraorbital nerve. After right auriculopalpebral nerve block, no responses were recorded from the right orbicularis oculi muscle upon stimulation of left or right supraorbital nerves. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Reference values for the components of the blink reflex and facial motor nerve conduction velocity will allow application of these tests to assist in the diagnosis of equine neurologic disorders involving the trigeminal and facial nerves, the brainstem, and the cranial end of the cervical segment of the spinal cord. This study reveals the usefulness of the blink reflex test in the diagnosis of peripheral trigeminal and facial nerve dysfunction in horses. ( Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1287–1291)
Trigeminal Nerve
Oculocardiac reflex
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Electrophysiologic assessment of the blink reflex test and the muscle‐evoked potentials evoked by stimulation of the facial nerve were performed in 15 healthy adult Beagles before and after supraorbital (trigeminal) and facial anesthetic nerve blocks performed by lidocaine injections. Unilateral electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve elicited 2 ipsilateral (R 1 and R 2 ) and a contralateral (R c ) reflex muscle potential in orbicularis oculi muscles. Electrical stimulation of the facial nerve elicited 2 muscle potentials (a direct response [D] and a reflex faciofacial response [RF]) in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. Anesthetic block of the left supraorbital nerve resulted in bilateral lack of responses upon left supraorbital nerve stimulation, but normal responses in right and left orbicularis oculi muscles upon right supraorbital stimulation. Right facial anesthetic block produced lack of responses in the right orbicularis oculi muscle regardless the side of supraorbital nerve stimulation. Results of this study demonstrate that the blink reflex can be electrically elicited and assessed in dogs. Reference values for the blink reflex responses and for the muscle potentials evoked by direct facial nerve stimulation in dogs are provided. The potential usefulness of the electrically elicited blink reflex test in the diagnosis of peripheral facial and trigeminal dysfunction in dogs was demonstrated.
Supraorbital nerve
Orbicularis oculi muscle
Facial muscles
Trigeminal Nerve
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The acoustic startle and trigeminal blink reflexes share the same motor output. Since caffeine has been shown to augment the startle reflex, it was proposed that caffeine would also increase the trigeminal blink reflex. In 6 humans, the effects of caffeine (100 mg) on the trigeminal blink reflex were investigated. Reflex blinks were elicited by stimulation of the supraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve. Following ingestion of caffeinated coffee, reflex blinks increased in amplitude and duration and occurred at a shorter latency than reflex blinks following ingestion of decaffeinated coffee. Since the blink reflex is a brainstem reflex, these results suggest that the psychomotor effects of caffeine facilitate brainstem processing.
Jaw jerk reflex
Supraorbital nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Oculocardiac reflex
Triceps reflex
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