Molecular characterization of camel breeds of Gujarat using microsatellite markers
A. C. PatelT. K. JishaDisha UpadhyayR. C. ParikhMaulik UpadhyayRiddhi ThakerSandeep DasJ. V. SolankiD. N. Rank
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Genetic variation in seven reared stocks of gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata, originating from Greek commercial farms, was assessed using five polymorphic microsatellite markers and was compared with that of two natural populations from the Ionian and the Adriatic Seas. The total number of alleles per marker ranged from 11 to 19 alleles, and hatchery samples showed the same levels of observed heterozygosity with samples from the wild but substantially smaller allelic diversity and expected heterozygosity. The global genetic differentiation for the cultivated samples was significant as indicated by Fst analysis, which might indicate random genetic drift and inbreeding events operating in the hatcheries. On the contrary, no significant difference was found between the two wild populations. Population pairwise tests between farmed and wild stocks were also significant, with the exception of one hatchery sample, the Central Greece 1, which was not significantly different from the two wild samples perhaps due to its recent use in aquaculture from wild-caught animals. The UPGMA tree topology grouped the wild samples together with the Central Greece 1 stock, and showed a clear division between wild and farmed sample sets for the six remaining hatchery samples. Knowledge of the genetic variation in S. aurata cultured populations compared with that in the wild ones is essential for setting up appropriate guidelines for the proper monitoring and management of the stocks either under traditional practices or for the implementation of selective breeding programmes.
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We characterized eight microsatellite loci to study spatial and temporal population structure of Pelodytes punctatus, a European anuran that has a peculiar breeding pattern among amphibians. The eight loci proved to be highly polymorphic with the number of alleles per locus ranging from two to 15 within two populations. Cross-amplification indicates that those markers may be also useful for closely related species from the same family.
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Eighteen microsatellite loci were isolated from great tinamous (Tinamus major), which are large terrestrial birds found in the Neotropics. These are the first primers developed for the Order Tinamiformes. Paternity analyses are possible because the levels of heterozygosity are sufficiently high (0.29-0.90).
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Six sets of microsatellite primers were developed from Oreochromis shiranus nuclear DNA. These cross-primed in species of the genera Sarotherodon and Tilapia, and were polymorphic in most of the species. The total number of alleles ranged from 18 to 30 per locus; the mean heterozygosity per population ranged from 0.51 ± 0.12 to 0.82 ± 0.03, which is higher than reported in allozyme studies. Five sets of primers were used to characterize five putative populations of O. shiranus, an indigenous mouth brooding tilapia which has been widely distributed in fish farms and reservoirs in Malawi. Two postulated subspecies of O. shiranus (subspecies shiranus and subspecies chilwae) have been difficult to distinguish morphologically. Lake Chilwa, Lake Chiuta and Bunda Reservoir populations cluster together as O. sh. chilwae, while the Lake Malombe and Bishop Reservoir populations form a second cluster as O. sh. shiranus. The assignment of the Chiuta and Chilwa populations of O. sh. chilwae to a single subspecies is consistent with the fact that the two lakes were a single open lake until about 8000–9000 bp. There is no connection between them and the Lake Malawi-Malombe drainage system where the O. sh. shiranus subspecies is found.
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Macrobrachium rosenbergii, known as the giant freshwater prawn or Malaysian prawn, is the sixth largest aquaculture species in Asia. Knowledge of genetic diversity of M. rosenbergii is important to support management and conservation programmes, which will subsequently help in sustainable production of this economically important species. This study aimed to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure of five M. rosenbergii populations using 11 microsatellite loci. In analysing 240 samples, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) ranged from 3 to 20, from 0.250 to 0.978 and from 0.556 to 0.944 respectively. The five stocks of M. rosenbergii displayed high level of genetic diversity. Both the FST and amova analyses showed that there was significant genetic differentiation among all populations. The UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's genetic distance matrix revealed that the Narmada and Mahi populations were in one cluster and Mahanadi and Subarnarekha populations in another single major branch, whereas the Kerala population clearly showed a separate cluster. This information on genetic variation will be useful for genetic improvement and conservation of Indian populations of giant freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii.
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Previous studies have indicated that the common European pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) comprises two cryptic species, P. pipistrellus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus, which differ in echolocation call frequency and mitochondrial DNA sequence. However, levels of divergence based on nuclear markers have not been examined, and hence the potential for male-mediated gene flow between the species cannot be discounted. Moreover, little is known about population structure and migration patterns in either species. Here, we describe the use of microsatellites to investigate nuclear DNA differentiation between, and the pattern of population genetic structure within, the two cryptic pipistrelle species. In total, 1300 individuals from 82 maternity colonies were sampled across the British Isles and Continental Europe. We show, using multivariate analyses, that colonies of the same species are generally genetically more similar to each other than to those from the other species regardless of geographical location. Our findings support the hypothesis that the species are reproductively isolated. Significant patterns of genetic isolation by distance were identified in both species, indicating that mating may occur before any long-distance autumnal migration. The presence of a sea channel does not confer higher levels of genetic differentiation among colonies over and above distance alone in either species. Differences in genetic population structure were identified between the species, with P. pipistrellus showing a wider range of levels of genetic differentiation among colonies and a stronger relationship between genetic and geographical distance than P. pygmaeus. Differences in dispersal, mating behaviour, colony size and/or postglacial colonization patterns could contribute to the differences observed.
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Genetic distance
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Abstract The small brown planthopper (SBPH) , Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is an important agricultural pest that has caused serious economic losses in the major rice‐producing areas of China. To effectively manage this insect pest, we analysed its genetic variation, genetic structure and population demographic history. We used nine nuclear microsatellite loci to investigate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of SBPH at 43 sampling sites in China. High levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation among most populations were detected. Overall, neighbour‐joining dendrograms, STRUCTURE and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed no genetically distinct groups and exhibited an admixed phylogeographic structure in China. Isolation by distance (IBD) and spatial autocorrelation analyses demonstrated no correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance. On the other hand, bottleneck analysis indicated that SBPH populations had not undergone severe bottleneck effects in these regions. This study provides useful data for resolving the genetic relationships and migration patterns of SBPH and thus contributes to developing effective management strategies for this pest.
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