A complex case of simple leaves: indeterminate leaves co-express ARP and KNOX1 genes
Kanae NishiiMichael MöllerCatherine KidnerAlberto SpadaRaffaella MantegazzaChun‐Neng WangToshiyuki Nagata
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This study examined HIV test counselors’ beliefs and practices regarding communicating indeterminate HIV test results to clients. There are many reasons for an indeterminate HIV antibody/ Western blot assay including early HIV infection, infection with other contagious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and second or subsequent pregnancies in women. Field observations of three community HIV testing sites and semistructured interviews with 16 HIV test counselors were conducted from August 2002 through June 2003. Counselors defined an indeterminate test result in different ways. They also presented several different theories of causation, yet failed to mention two potential causes of an indeterminate result, association with large animals and infection with other (non-HIV-1) HIV strains. Counselors’ understanding of the meaning of an indeterminate HIV test result varied a great deal. Some counselors believed that an indeterminate result truly was ambiguous while others believed it was indicative of being either HIV-positive or HIV-negative. Counselors’ primary advice to clients who received an indeterminate result was to retest immediately without a waiting period. Counselors reported that communicating indeterminate test results to clients was a challenging task because clients who received such a result were confused, angry, and/or mistrustful. Results highlight the need for further research to provide reliable estimates of the extensiveness of indeterminate HIV test results and to further assess the nature of counselor and client responses to indeterminate test results.
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Expanded access to HIV antiretrovirals has dramatically reduced mother-to-child transmission of HIV. However, there is increasing concern around false-positive HIV test results in perinatally HIV-exposed infants but few insights into the use of indeterminate range to improve infant HIV diagnosis.A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the use of an indeterminate range for HIV early infant diagnosis. Published and unpublished studies from 2000 to 2018 were included. Study quality was evaluated using GRADE and QUADAS-2 criteria. A random-effects model compared various indeterminate ranges for identifying true and false positives.The review identified 32 studies with data from over 1.3 million infants across 14 countries published from 2000 to 2018. Indeterminate results accounted for 16.5% of initial non-negative test results, and 76% of indeterminate results were negative on repeat testing. Most results were from Roche tests. In the random-effects model, an indeterminate range using a polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold value of ≥33 captured over 93% of false positives while classifying fewer than 9% of true positives as indeterminate.Without the use of an indeterminate range, over 10% of infants could be incorrectly diagnosed as HIV positive if their initial test results are not confirmed. Use of an indeterminate range appears to lead to substantial improvements in the accuracy of early infant diagnosis testing and supports current recommendations to confirm all initial positive tests.
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This presentation has introduced statically indeterminate structures and also it has identified the difference between an indeterminate and determinate structure, it has also been able to highlight the different methods of solving indeterminate structural problems.
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P151 Donors with reactive HTLV-I/II screening test (EIA, Organon Teknika) and showing bands in Western blot (WB, Cambridge Biotech and/or Genelabs Diagnostics) which do not fulfill criteria for positivity are classified as HTLV-I/II indeterminate. Some authors believe that this result does not represent a true HTLV infection. We report 79 cases of blood donors with EIA repeatedly reactive and indeterminate WB results, who had their PBMCs tested by nested PCR for HTLV-I/II. Among the 79 serologically indeterminate samples tested, 7 (8.86%) were found to be PCR positive. Two of these patients, who previously showed indeterminate WB profile have fully seroconverted in two years of follow-up, now fulfilling the positive criteria, as follows: (Table)TableThe finding of seven patients with indeterminate HTLV-I/II WB and positive PCR shows us that we cannot generalize that patients with indeterminate profile are not truly infected with HTLV. In addition, a seroconvertion occurring in an adult in a period of two years of observation, adds to the belief that these patients should be followed up and additional confirmatory tests be performed in order to evaluate the true significance of indeterminate HTLV-I/II WB results.
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Objective To analyze the reasons and characteristics of the indeterminate results of HIV antibodies in Hunan province in recent five years and provide the evidence for improving detection strategies.Methods The relationship of the outcome of the indeterminate HIV antibodies and the band distribution of western blotting test was investigated by analyzing data of epidemiological follow-up,CD+4T cell counts and viral loads collected in HIV indeterminate subjects from 2008to 2012.Results There were 2995samples treated with confirmatory test in the last five years,among which 433samples were indeterminate.The ratio of indeterminate results of HIV antibodies increased year by year,from 4.4%(21/477)in 2008to 23.0%(182/791)in 2012.And the ratio of positive cases,especially in advanced patients,increased year by year from 10.3%(3/29)and 6.9%(2/29)in 2009to 51.4%(91/177)and 35.0%(62/177)in 2012,respectively.The band distribution in negative subjects was mainly p24or gp160,generally less than two bands.The distribution in early infectors was mainly p24and p24+gp160,and the appearance ratio of p24is 100%.More bands with weak color occurred in a more complex pattern in advanced patients,mainly p24、p31、gp120and gp160.Conclusion With the increase of HIV infectors,especially advanced patients,more attention should be paid on indeterminate results to adjust the detection strategy timely and avoid missed diagnosis.
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The serodiagnosis of HIV infection is sometimes puzzling due to questionable "indeterminate" results obtained by western blotting (wb), the confirmatory test used world-wide after a positive or borderline ELISA result. These situations cause anxiety in the person being tested and determine additional laboratory costs. We showed that radioimmune western blottting (riwb) an improved and sensitive modification of conventional wb, was able to resolve most "indeterminate" results in individuals who later fully seroconverted. We report in this paper the use of riwb in sera of 20 uninfected blood donors with an indeterminate wb continuing for at least 6 years, to verify the serological status in indeterminate not at risk individuals. Thirteen out of the 20 were indeterminate with conventional wb due to the presence of antibodies to p 24, two to p 17, two to p 55, two to p 51 and p 55 and one to p 24 and p 51 antibodies. The presence of all these bands was confirmed using riwb; moreover, in comparison with wb, the intensity of all bands was clearly enhanced. Despite the use of this highly sensitive method no new bands were found with riwb in indeterminate sera; negative results were obtained when sera borderline or positive with ELISA but negative with wb, were subjected to riwb.
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Journal Article Counting and Indeterminate Identity Get access N. Ángel Pinillos N. Ángel Pinillos Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume 112, Issue 445, January 2003, Pages 35–50, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/112.445.35 Published: 01 January 2003
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In the natural world and society,indeterminate equal phenomenons are existing universally.We put forward indeterminate equality to settle the indeterminate equal questions.The indeterminate equality shows a expression of indeterminate equal relation of variables.It consists of three kinds of relations between the letters or numbers as follows:less than or equal to or greater than(≤),less than or equal to(≤)andgreater than or equal to(≥).And the properties,calculation and significance of indeterminate equality were expounded in this paper,to open up a new domain of algebra research.It has great significance for development of methematics in our country.
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Objective To explore the characteristic and reason for indeterminate HIV Western Blot(WB),the limitation of WB and the possible amendatory measures.Methods Summing up and analysis the distribution of the indeterminate HIV WB among the tested people,the laboratory test results,the follow-up and the final HIV antibody outcome.Results The relative healthy people including the people of voluntary counseling and testing,the blood donors and pregnant women make up 50% of the indeterminate HIV WB,the follow-up for the indeterminate HIV WB is difficult and the there are few people of the indeterminate HIV WB have HIV antibody test again.There is false-positive in WB test,especially the false-positive of P24 is serious.Conclusion The indeterminate HIV WB is related to the false positive of WB test,measures should be taken to reduce the indeterminate HIV WB and to interpret the result accurately.
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Abstract—In this paper we introduce the indeterminate models in information fusion, which are due either to the existence of some indeterminate elements in the fusion space or to some indeterminate masses. The best approach for dealing with such models is the neutrosophic logic.
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