Fabrication and heating rate study of microscopic surface electrode ion traps
Nikos DaniilidisSuresh NarayananSönke MöllerRobert ClarkT E LeePeter LeekAndreas WallraffSt SchulzF. Schmidt–KalerHartmut Häffner
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Abstract:
We report heating rate measurements in a microfabricated gold-on-sapphire surface electrode ion trap with a trapping height of approximately 240 μm. Using the Doppler recooling method, we characterize the trap heating rates over an extended region of the trap. The noise spectral density of the trap falls in the range of noise spectra reported in ion traps at room temperature. We find that during the first months of operation, the heating rates increase by approximately one order of magnitude. The increase in heating rates is largest in the ion-loading region of the trap, providing a strong hint that surface contamination plays a major role for excessive heating rates. We discuss data found in the literature and the possible relation of anomalous heating to sources of noise and dissipation in other systems, namely impurity atoms adsorbed onto metal surfaces and amorphous dielectrics.Keywords:
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Field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of green tea essence on trapping capability of yellow sticky trap against insect pests in tea garden in Jingtan county of Jiangsu province,and the number of insect pests per trap were investigated in 15 days. The result showed that whether green tea essence could improve the trapping capability of yellow sticky trap depended on the species of insect pests and the density of sticky trap. At the trapping density of one trap /16m2and 3 d after exposure,sticky traps combined with green tea essence B could capture more Empoasca vitis than sticky traps in absence of green tea essence,and at 7 or 15 d after exposure,both green tea essence A and B could improve the trapping capability of sticky trap. Whereas at the density of one trap /9m2or one trap /25m2,green tea essence did not improve the trapping capability of sticky trap against Empoasca vitis. Both tea essence A and B did not affect the trapping capability of sticky trap against other insects including lepiopteran pests,coleopteran pests and dipteran insects in tea garden. All these indicated that combination of green tea essence and sticky trap could be a practical method for improving the trapping capability of sticky trap against Empoasca vitis at the density of one trap /16m2in tea garden.
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Tea garden
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Quadrupole ion trap
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With the decrease in dimension of ion traps employed in optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy, the sensitivity of trapping behavior to trap geometry is more and more prominent. We present a guide for the design and construction of a miniature trap for a single ion confinement, and propose an optimized combination of rring/rendcap ≈ 0.5 and z0 ≈ r0 within the range of r0 = 0.7 ± 0.2 mm. Compared with the trap used by Huang et al. [Phys. Rev. A 84 (2011) 053841], the design can lead to an increase in trap pseudo-potential of more than 20% and a reduction on potential anharmonicity of more than 90%. The improvements make the trap closer to an ideal hyperboloidal trap to confine a single ion tightly with the benefit of weaker micro-motion. Considering the imperfection of electrodes machining and traps alignment, we also demonstrate the importance of trap symmetry, especially on two endcap electrodes.
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Ion trapping
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In designing an ion trap, geometry and rf source should be optimized such that the trap depth is maximized while the ion remain stable. In a quadrupole linear trap, stable parameters $a$ and $q$ are utilized frequently in describing the stability. However, in a surface trap, the trap have to be mapped to the linear quadrupole trap so that $a$ and $q$ can be evaluated. This work explains how to handle them for surface trap designing and how the geometry and rf source affect it. We conclude that the $q$ parameter should be 0.2~0.22 so that the trap is stable.
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Quadrupole ion trap
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We demonstrate laser cooling of 40Ca+ ions in a linear-type planar trap where all electrodes are located in a plane. We numerically calculate the potential of a 500 µm scale trap and then characterize the trap by measuring the secular frequencies. Linear crystals of 40Ca+ ions are formed after coarse micromotion compensation. Development of such traps is important for the construction of a many-zone ion-trap array for large-scale quantum information processing using ions. We also present other trap designs and results from numerical analysis.
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Quadrupole ion trap
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Experiments on the BNL EBIS Test Stand (EBTS) with the ion trap extending beyond the edges of the superconducting solenoid had the main goal to study ion trap operation with a trap length exceeding that of the normal EBTS trap. Preliminary results indicate that the ion trap with length 107 cm is stable and controllable in the same fashion as our normal 70 cm trap with a multiampere electron beam. EBTS operation with ion trap 145 cm long and with electron current up to 3 A in earlier experiments also was stable and yielded more ions than from the basic ''short'' trap. These results increased our confidence in operation of the proposed RHIC in a stable mode and in the correctness of linear scaling of ion intensity with the length of the ion trap.
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As one of the most important parts of the Paul trap, the radiofrequency (RF) source has great influences on the performance of the ion trap. To improve the stability and the depth of the pseudo-potential well of the ion trap, two sets of RF sources and the corresponding detection circuits were designed and implemented in a Paul trap. With the implementation, absorbed signals of 199Hg+ and N+2 were detected from trapped ions.
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We present a segmented linear surface electrode ion trap design that can be used for various applications in optical clocks and quantum computation based on trapped 171 Yb + ions. Our simulations show that calculated trap depth can reach up to several electronvolts and that the pseudopotential minimum of the trap is located above the trap surface at a distance greater than 80 μm. The described pseudopotential simulations and calculations of different trap parameters can be used to design the planar trap with required parameters. This design could be scaled to store a long chain of ions and used for quantum logic applications as well.
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We develop a three-dimensional (3D) monolithic ion trap that has advantages of both 3D geometry trap and surface trap. The characteristic properties are measured, i.e. the axial and radial trap frequency and heating rate. We successfully load Yb and Ba ions together in this trap. The hybrid ion trap will be used for quantum information experiment.
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