Synthesis YPO[sub 4]:Eu[sup 3+] Nanophosphor from Fungi
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Live fungi (zygo and asco) were cultivated and grown in an agar solution with a 2000 ppm concentration of from and a 20 ppm concentration of from . When the fungi were grown to a good amount, they were collected, dried, and burnt at for 2 h in air. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and optical spectroscopy experiments revealed that the product was nanophosphor with a size of 100–200 nm.When a sound beam is incident onto a periodically corrugated surface, diffraction of the incident sound will be generated. The major diffraction phenomenon, which can be well explained by the classical grating equation, can be easily observed and has been intensively studied. In this work, we report an observation of diffracted waves whose intensity is much weaker than the major diffraction, and who are not expected to appear in the diffraction field. This secondary diffraction can be experimentally observed in the general diffraction configuration as well as in the Bragg diffraction configuration. The analysis of the direction and frequency of the diffracted waves based on the classical grating equation suggests that this diffraction is originated from a propagating wave along the corrugated surface. Such a propagating wave is possibly the experimental evidence of the existence of surface acoustic wave on corrugated interface generated by diffraction.
Diffraction topography
Diffraction efficiency
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This review article aims to study the types of seaweed that can be processed into agar, agar extraction methods, characteristic of agar, and application of agar as a food additive. Based on articles and other literature reviews, it can be concluded that: 1) The types of seaweed that can be extracted into agar-agar are Gracilaria sp., Gelidium sp., and Gelidiella sp. 2) Extraction of agar from seaweed can be done using the methods of Yolanda and Agustono [1], Wicaksono et al. [2] and Shantika et al. [3]. 3) The characteristic of agar can be reviewed from particle size, moisture content, ash content, heavy metals, pH, solubility, turbidity, gel strength, and viscosity. 4) Agar-agar as a food additive had been applied to analog rice, jelly drink, and edible film making.
Turbidity
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It is extremely important to prevent opportunistic and hospital infection. Therefore, bacterial contamination of instruments, equipment and floors is frequently checked. MacConkey agar (Mac agar) is routinely to dtect Gram negatiue rods (GNR), caustive organisms of opportvnistic or hospital infection. However, only a few colonies of GNR were detected from hospital floors on Mac agar, while many colonies of GMR were detected on brain heart infusion agar (BHIA). It is thought that the 0.1% of bile salts in Mac agar is too inhibitory for the growth of GNR existing on floors. Therefore a new medium for the detection of GNR form floors was developed.Firitly. bacteria obtained by swabbing a floor were inocunlted on Drigalski agar containing desoxycolate (DOC) at various concetrations. Drigalski agar containing 0.03% DOC (D-D agar) was found to be suitable for the growth of GNR, while at the same time suppressing the growth of GPC. Secondly, D-D agar, Mac agar and BHIA were used to detect GNR adhering on gless plates. 50-80% CFU of the total GNR grown on BHIA were detected on D-D agar, but only 10-20% CFU were detected on Mac agar. Thirdly, these agars were uned to detect GNR on floors and the hands of nurses. D-D agar was apparently better than Mac agar. Consequently, D-D agar is very ureful for the selective detection of GNR on floors and hands.
MacConkey agar
Bacterial growth
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The effect of various agar grades on the size and margin character of the inhibition growth zones in assay of antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method was studied. It was shown that not all the agar grades could be used in antibiotic activity assay. Depending on the agar type the size of the inhibition growth zones produced by the same antibiotic concentration significantly varied. The variations in the size of the inhibition growth zones depended on the agar ability to bind antibiotics and were mainly defined by the agar purity. The agars with low content of nitrogen admixtures bound the antibiotics to a low extent. The commerical grades of the agars of the South-Sea and Korsakov Plants, the experimental grade of the TINRO agar with additional purification, as well as the agars imported from Argentina and France proved to be most useful for determination of the antibiotic activity by the agar diffusion method.
Agar diffusion test
Bacterial growth
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Brilliant Green (BG) agar and Hektoen enteric (HE) agar media were compared for their efficiency in isolating salmonellae from various food products. Of the 11,226 food specimens examined, 1,662 (or 14.9%) yielded salmonellae. Of this number, 1,475 (88.7%) were recovered from BG agar and 1,315 (79.1%) were recovered from HE agar media. The results indicate that BG agar is more effective in isolating salmonellae from food products. A smaller subsidiary study showed HE agar to be more selective than BG agar. Four hundred ten specimens yielded 92 nonlactose-fermenting isolants other than salmonellae on BG agar and only 11 such isolants on HE agar.
Isolation
Brilliant green
Food microbiology
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This review article aims to study the types of seaweed that can be processed into agar, agar extraction methods, characteristic of agar, and application of agar as a food additive. Based on articles and other literature reviews, it can be concluded that: 1) The types of seaweed that can be extracted into agar-agar are Gracilaria sp., Gelidium sp., and Gelidiella sp. 2) Extraction of agar from seaweed can be done using the methods of Yolanda and Agustono [1], Wicaksono et al. [2] and Shantika et al. [3]. 3) The characteristic of agar can be reviewed from particle size, moisture content, ash content, heavy metals, pH, solubility, turbidity, gel strength, and viscosity. 4) Agar-agar as a food additive had been applied to analog rice, jelly drink, and edible film making.
Turbidity
Gracilaria
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It is shown that the Fraunhofer approximation, used in the kinematical theory of X-ray diffraction, may fail for a wide variety of crystals with different perfection. The kinematical theory describing the diffraction pattern in the general case is developed. The case of spherical-wave diffraction by a plane parallel crystal is considered in detail. The intensity distribution and the diffraction line width are ascertained to be essentially dependent on the region of diffraction in which the observation plane is located. On the other hand, the diffraction pattern geometry is independent of the diffraction region and is determined only by the crystal structure and the optics of diffraction. The geometry of the diffraction pattern recorded by the divergent-beam method is analysed in detail.
Diffraction topography
Crystal (programming language)
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The agar substance from the agar preparation made from Gracilaria Confervoides Grev., was purified and chemically studied. It was hydrolyzed completedly with 1N-H2SO4, and d-galactose isolated as crystals. By partial hydrolysis in a short period of time with 0.02 N- or 0.01 N-H2SO4, five kinds of oligosaccharide were obtained whose analytical values and molecular weights were compared with those of the original agar substance. Acetyl- and methyl-agar were prepared and their properties were found to be very similar to those of agar substance obtained from Gelidium Amansii Lam. However, complete methylation product of the former could not be obtained. The content of sulfuric acid was found to be much less in the agar from Gracilaria Confervoides than that from Gelidium Amansii.
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Scanning electron microscopy generally requires specimen preparation which includes dehydration or drying and metal coating. This preparation is necessary for beam sensitive specimens or specimens that contain water and/or oil. This has been a necessary requirement for quality imaging with conventional scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). Recently with the development of variable-pressure SEMs (VP-SEMs), scanning electron microscopy of most specimens has become possible without the need of specimen preparation. Water-containing wet specimens can be examined at low temperatures at which water vaporization is suppressed and specimen artifacts due to water evaporation are minimized.
Vaporization
Metal coating
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Testing on various agar medium in order to support microbiology practical laboratory at both Biology Departement UPI & High school has been carried out. An aim of this research was to select agar medium which is effective for bacteria growth and cheap because high cost of bacto agar, has been used for practical purposed. Five agar, bacto agar as a control; agar batang; agar lembar; satelit agar and swallow agar, were tested in this experimental research. Isolated culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis were inoculated on each agar medium with 3 replicate for it. A method of (metode cawan tuang) was used. The effectiveness of agar was characterized by the number of both colony. The colony was counted by using colony counter. Statistic analysis of ANAVA and DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) were used to analyse the significant difference. A result showed that all agar medium were able to support Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis growth. However, the best agar medium for growing bacteria in rank order were: bacto agar, swallow agar, satelit agar, agar batang and agar lembaran. Inclusion, powder agar (swallow) is recommended to be used for making medium agar at practical exercise of microbiology.
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