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    美国是世界上转基因生物技术和商业化最为成熟的国家,其代表的以产品为导向的监管政策在全球独树一帜.美国坚持“实质等同性”和“个案分析”作为转基因生物的监管原则,以《生物技术的监管协调框架》为基本纲领,建立了以农业部、食品与药品管理局、环保局三大管理机构为中心的转基因生物监管体系,并制定了一系列相关法律和监管流程.介绍了美国转基因生物监管的基本理念和原则,综述了转基因生物监管机构及其职责,在此基因上总结了转基因生物监管的特点.
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    The emerging importance of toxicology in pesticide registration policy has not only depended on major scientific achievements in the discipline of toxicology, but also in the growing involvement of various segments of society who are concerned about risk assessment and public health. These societal groups have also had a major impact on the use of toxicolgical data to force regulatory agencies to develop more sophisticated methods of risk/benefit assessment. This session of the symposium examines some of these public forces that comment on pesticide regulations, and then examines regulations in various countries of the world. Industry is concerned how the intent of the authority granted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by Congress in the 1972 amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) are being mandated by a growing number of and changes in regulations, rules and guidelines. The whole process of pesticide registration is perceived as