Host-dependent induction of phage mutants and lysogenization
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Viruses are the most abundant biological entities in the ocean and are believed to contribute to nutrient cycling, bacterial diversity, and horizontal gene exchange. However, little is known about the relationship between temperate phages and their hosts in marine environments. In this thesis, phage-host systems from the Gulf of Mexico were used to study the influence of temperate phages in bacteria. ФHAP-1 is a temperate myovirus induced with mitomycin C from Halomonas aquamarina isolate. The genome of this phage was 39,245 nucleotides long and contained 46 predicted genes. Besides genes involved in lysogeny, ФHAP-1 contained a protelomerase, which is responsible for resolution of telomeric ends in linear plasmid-like phages. Hybridization studies and PCR analysis indicated not only a lack of integration of the prophage in the host chromosome, but differences in genome arrangement between the prophage and virion forms of ФHAP-1. These results suggest that ФHAP-1 exists as a nonintegrating linear phage with telomeric ends. Eleven pigmented Bacillus spp. isolates were examined for the occurrence of lysogeny and sporulation through induction with mitomycin C and decoyinine, viii respectively. The results from these experiments suggested a variety of interactions can occur between phages and their hosts, some of which may influence sporulation. The lysogenic strain B14905 had high frequency of sporulation and was selected for further analysis. The genome of B14905 contained 4 prophage-like regions, one of which was independently sequenced from an induced lysate. PCR and TEM analysis of a mitomycin C induced lysate indicated that two of these regions were inducible prophage, one was a defective phage, and one was a non-inducible phage remnant. One of the inducible prophages contained a transcriptional regulator that is hypothesized to be involved in regulation of host sporulation. The diversity of prophage and prophage-like elements found in B14905 suggest that the genetic diversity of phages in the oceans is vast. The studies of the temperate phages from H. aquamarina and Bacillus spp. isolates illustrates that integration of molecular, genomic, and function studies can be used to provide insight into the influence of prophage on host bacteria.
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Marine bacteriophage
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Strains of Bacillus subtilis lysogenic for temperate bacteriophage SPO2 inhibit the development of bacteriophage φ1. After infection by bacteriophage φ1, DNA and RNA synthesis in the lysogenic host terminates, culminating in cell death. Bacteriophage SPO2 also prevents the production of bacteriophage φ105. Mechanisms for these two types of bacteriophage interference are discussed.
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Journal Article Isolation and characterization of a Lactobacillus fermentum temperate bacteriophage from Chinese yogurt Get access X. Zhang, X. Zhang State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, ChinaCollege of life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. Kong, J. Kong State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China Jian Kong, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. E‐mail: kongjian@sdu.edu.cn Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. Qu Y. Qu State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Applied Microbiology, Volume 101, Issue 4, 1 October 2006, Pages 857–863, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03007.x Published: 01 October 2006 Article history Received: 27 February 2005 Revision received: 05 December 2005 Accepted: 07 February 2006 Published: 01 October 2006
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Level of competence reached by Bacillus subtilis 168 lysogenic for temperate phage φ 105 was reduced compared to that reached by nonlysogenic cells. This effect was probably related to an alteration of the bacterial surface. Deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from φ 105 lysogenic bacteria was used to transform other lysogenic bacteria. About 25% linkage was found between the bacterial phe-1 marker and prophage marker ts N15. The order of a few prophage markers relative to phe-1 was established in three-factor crosses. The usefulness of this system for a study of the linkage between an integrated prophage genome and that of its host was discussed.
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Zimmerer, Robert P. (The Pennsylvania State University, University Park), Robert H. Hamilton, and Christine Pootjes . Isolation and morphology of temperate Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol. 92: 746–750. 1966.—Lysogeny was detected in 14 strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens among 130 bacterial strains tested with strain B-6 used as the host. Partial lysis was observed with 13 additional bacterial strains. Morphological studies of five strains showed that the phage had similar features. A typical phage (Lv-1) had a polyhedralshaped head, approximately 71 by 63 mμ, and a tail, approximately 211 mμ by 9.5 mμ. The phage nucleic acid was found to be deoxyribonucleic acid. The bacteriophage have been designated L (for lysogenic) followed by the bacterial strain designation in lower case letters.
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