Localization of light in Bessel photonic lattices
Robert FischerDragomir N. NeshevServando López-AguayoAnton S. DesyatnikovAndrey A. SukhorukovWiesław KrólikowskiYuri S. Kivshar
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We report on the experimental observation of nonlinear localization of light in azimuthally modulated Bessel photonic lattices. These lattices are optically induced in a photorefractive crystal and resemble multiple-core highly nonlinear microstructure fibers.In the past, the photorefractive properties of BaTiO 3 crystals doped with chromium [1] and iron [2, 3] have been described. Iron impurities, present in nominally undoped .crystals at levels between 40 and 150 ppm, have been identified as the microscopic centers correlated with the photorefractive effect [4]. The observed photorefractive effect in high purity crystals, however, with an iron level claimed to be smaller than 0.3 ppm [3], has been interpreted as evidence for another photorefractive species in these samples. The exact role of transition metal dopants in photorefractive BaTiO 3 is still unclear.
Organic photorefractive materials
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Photorefractive effects of nominally pure and iron-doped KNbO3 crystals with concentrations between 150 and 300 ppm have been investigated. In order to optimize the photorefractive recording times and the amplitude of the refractive changes, the crystals were thermally treated with simultaneous photorefractive testing. The photoconductivity data and the photorefractive experiments (grating spacing dependence of the beam coupling gain) show that the relative influence of electron and hole contribution is altered depending on the reduction treatment. The experimental results are discussed with a two-carrier model.
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This review article describes the current state-of-the-art research on organic photorefractive polymer composites. A historical background on photorefractive materials is first introduced and is followed by a discussion on the opto-physical aspects and the mechanism of photorefractivity. The molecular design of photorefractive polymers and organic compounds is discussed, followed by a discussion on optical applications of the photorefractive polymers. This review article describes the current state-of-the-art research on organic photorefractive polymer composites. A historical background on photorefractive materials is first introduced and is followed by a discussion on the opto-physical aspects and the mechanism of photorefractivity. The molecular design of photorefractive polymers and organic compounds is discussed, followed by a discussion on optical applications of the photorefractive polymers.
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N.V. Kukhtarev and T. Kukhtarev, Optical and Electrical Properties of High Contrast Dynamic Gratings. S. Erdei, Growth and Characterization of Single-Crystal Photorefractive Fibers. P.A. Yeh, Cross-talk in Photorefractive Hologram Memory. D. Psaltis, Photorefractive Memory. F. Zhao, Spectral and Spatial Diffraction in a Nonlinear Photorefractive Hologram. S. Yin, Z. Wu, and D. McMillen, Specially Doped LiNbO3. K. Itoh, Dyamic Interconnections Using Photorefractive Crystals. P.P. Banerjee, N.V. Kukhtarev, and J.O. Dimmoctz, Nonlinear Self-Organization in Photorefractive Materials. S. Kawata, Three-dimensional Bit-memory Using Photorefractive Materials. A. Chiou, Phase Conjugate Microscopy for Optical Trapping and Image Processing. A. Yang, Three-dimensional Photorefractive Memory Based on Phase-code and Notation Multiplexings. J. Zhang and S. Yin, Dynamic Process of Photorefractive Holograms. F.T.S. Yu and S. Yin, Dynamics of Photorefractive Fiber Holograms and Applications. A.L. Mikaelian, Photorefractive Optics for Information Technology.
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Ten years have passed since discovery of photorefractive polymer. This paper reviews the progress made respecting photorefractive polymers. The mechanism of the photorefractive effect in photorefractive polymers is also explained. Finally the applications of photorefractive polymers are described.
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Photonic crystals(PCs) are periodic dielectric-structure materials with a photonic bandgap for electromagnetic waves.By combining stimuli-sensitive material with photonic crystals,the formed photonic crystals can respond to the external environments,which are named as responsive photonic crystals.Being a new branch of photonic crystals,responsive photonic crystals have attracted considerable attention as applications in sensors,biomedicine,clinical assay,sensor etc in recent years.According to difference of external environments,responsive photonic crystals can be briefly classified into three different types,chemical responsive photonic crystals,physical responsive photonic crystals and biological responsive photonic crystals.In this article,we mainly review the progress in chemical responsive photonic crystals in recent years,including metal ion-responsive,pH-responsive,redox-responsive,glucose-responsive and photochemistry-responsive photonic crystals.
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Abstract : Photorefractive materials offer great promise for applications in optical data processing and phase conjugation using degenerate four-wave mixing. BaTiO3 is a particularly promising material, primarily because the very large value of the electro-optic tensor component r42 yields correspondingly large values of grating efficiency, beam coupling gain, and four-wave mixing reflectivity. Unfortunately, the commercial availability of BaTiO3 crystals is limited, and samples which are available are relatively small and impure and have not been characterized or optimized for photorefractive applications. In the program reviewed here, we have addressed two of the most important problems in the development and use of photorefractive BaTiO3: stabilization of the cubic phase in order to permit more rapid crystal growth than is now possible, and determination and characterization of the photorefractive species in commercial BaTiO3. The second major effort of this program was the identification and characterization of the photorefractive species in BaTiO3. Using the results of a number of experiments, we have concluded that iron (in the forms Fe2+ and Fe3+) is the dominant photorefractive species in commercial BaTiO3. We have been able to measure the densities of Fe2+ and Fe3+, along with the sign of the photocarriers, the effective electro-optic coefficient, and a lumped parameter taking into account the transport properties of holes and electrons.
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We have used a number of experimental techniques to identify the photorefractive species in commercial samples of BaTiO3. We find that Fe impurities (in the Fe2+ and Fe3+ states) are the predominant photorefractive species. Techniques for optimizing the photorefractive properties of BaTiO3 are discussed.
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In this paper we review both photorefractive and nonlinear optical materials for optoelectronic applications. The material requirements for nonlinear optical laser-frequency conversion using the electronic hyperpolarizabilities and optical signal processing using the photorefractive effect will be discussed. Some representative examples of newer photorefractive and nonlinear optical materials and their properties and applications are described.
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