Prevalence of anthelmintic-resistant nematodes in fibre-producing goats in Scotland
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Six cashmere goat herds in Scotland were surveyed to assess the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance and the species of nematode involved. Resistance was determined in vivo by a faecal egg count reduction test and in vitro using an egg hatch assay and specific faecal egg identification techniques. Benzimidazole resistance was present in five of the herds, insufficient eggs were obtained from the other herd to draw firm conclusions. Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) species predominated in four of the five herds in which resistance was detected and Haemonchus contorus was the dominant species in the other.Keywords:
Ostertagia
Benzimidazole
Levamisole
Ostertagia
Moxidectin
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Thymol
Levamisole
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Levamisole
Ostertagia
Ostertagia ostertagi
Oxfendazole
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The study was conducted at Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence.The polyherbal tablet comprising Artimisia maritima, Butea frondosa, Vernonia anthelmintica and Holarrhena antidysentrica was prepared and its anthelmintic efficacy and effect on body weight was studied on goats naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus.Total 140 goats were selected which were naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus.Out of 140 goats, 100 goats were selected as Group I (Polyherbal Treatment), 20 goats were selected as Group II (Positive control) and 20 goats were selected as Group III (Negative control), respectively.For the positive control albendazole (10 mg/kg BW) was given to the control group goats and in negative control goats maintained untreated.Group I animals were given polyherbal polymer complex anthelmintic and Group II animals were given albendazole.The faecal samples were examined on 0 th day before and 3 rd , 7 th , 15 th and 30 th day post treatment.Body weights of goats under treatment were recorded on day 0 i.e. before treatment and on 15 th and 30 th day post treatment.There was significant reduction in Egg per Gram (EPG) count seen in Group I and Group II, whereas, the EPG count increased significantly in Group III.Increase in body weight was observed significantly in Group I and Group II whereas, there was decrease in body weight observed in Group III.Further it was concluded that the polyherbal anthelmintic tablet was effective in elimination of Haemonchus contortus which could be the reason for increase in body weight during the trial.
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A subcutaneous injection of 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol (Disophenol) at 10 mg/kg sheep leaves a residue bound to serum albumin which is lethal to Haemonchus contortus for 3 months after treatment. In the larval anthelmintic test, susceptible worm free sheep are dosed so that either third stage larvae (L3), or fourth stage larvae (L4) or 5th and adult stages are present on the day of treatment but slaughter is delayed to allow these larval stages to develop to adults because the larger worms are more easily seen, identified and counted. The larval anthelmintic test in sheep had to be altered and sheep killed within a few days of treatment, because the residues may be more effective against subsequent stages of development. Disophenol was greater than 60% effective against L3 of Oesophagostomum columbianum and L4 of H. contortus in greater than 60% of sheep (Class B). It rose to greater than 80% effective against adult H. contortus in greater than 80% of sheep (Class A). Against H. contortus it maintained Class A for 32 days, fell to Class B from 45--76 days and Class C (greater than 50% effective in greater than 50% of sheep) at 91 days after treatment respectively. In the RSA a treatment in December followed by another in March would protect sheep adequately against H. contortus for the entire season.
Ancylostoma caninum
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Aristolochia
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Ostertagia
Trichostrongylus
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The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes among post-weaned calves aged between 4 and 12 months old within a pasture-based system of south west Australia and quantify the level of anthelmintic resistance. Pre-treatment FECs were monitored on 14 dairy farms. Anthelmintic resistance was assessed on 11 of the farms. Control FECs were compared with anthelmintic FECs at 14 days post-treatment with doramectin (injectable), levamisole (oral), fenbendazole (oral) and a levamisole/abamectin combination (pour-on). Results demonstrate a strong level of anthelmintic resistance, with at least one class of anthelmintic failing to achieve a 95% reduction in FEC in one or more gastrointestinal nematode species. Doramectin was fully effective against Ostertagia, but C. oncophora displayed resistance in 91% of the farms. Conversely, levamisole was fully effective against C. oncophora, but Ostertagia displayed resistance in 80% of the farms. Fenbendazole resistance was present in both C. onocphora and Ostertagia in 64% and 70% of the farms, respectively. Trichostrongylus showed low resistance, occurring in doramectin (14%) and levamisole/abamectin combination (14%). This study confirms that anthelmintic resistance is common. Regular FEC reduction testing is recommended to monitor and guide decision-making for appropriate anthelmintic usage.
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