Effect of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sediments on fluoranthene biodegradation patterns
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Abstract The biodegradation of fluoranthene, alone and in mixtures with naphthalene and acenaphthene, was studied in systems with and without sediments. In sediment-free systems, fluoranthene was not degraded when present alone or in combination with acenaphthene but was degraded when combined with naphthalene. Naphthalene and acenaphthene degradation were not influenced by fluoranthene. In sediment-containing systems, fluoranthene degradation occurred only in the presence of naphthalene. After complete degradation of naphthalene, fluoranthene degradation stopped. Experiments using all three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in both sediment-free and -containing systems showed results similar to those obtained using pairs.Keywords:
Fluoranthene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
The current studies investigate whether synergistic or antagonistic interactions in the upregulation of CYP1 activity occur in binary mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) involving benzo[a]pyrene and five other structurally diverse PAHs of varying carcinogenic activity. Precision-cut rat liver slices were incubated with benzo[a]pyrene alone or in combination with a range of concentrations of a second PAH, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA levels determined. Concurrent incubation of benzo[a]pyrene with either dibenzo[a,h]anthracene or fluoranthene in liver slices led to a synergistic interaction, at least at low concentrations, in that ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was statistically higher than the added effects when the slices were incubated with the individual compounds. In contrast, benzo[b]fluoranthene and, at high doses only, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene gave rise to antagonism, whereas 1-methylphenanthrene had no effect at all concentrations studied. When CYP1A1 mRNA levels were monitored, benzo[b]fluoranthene gave rise to an antagonistic response when incubated with benzo[a]pyrene, whereas all other compounds displayed synergism, with 1-methylphenathrene being the least effective. A similar picture emerged when CYP1B1 mRNA levels were determined, though the effects were less pronounced. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that the benzo[a]pyrene-mediated upregulation of CYP1, at the mRNA and activity levels, is synergistically and antagonistically modulated by other PAHs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 764–775, 2017.
Fluoranthene
CYP1B1
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We investigated the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sand of sandboxes in 51 parks in Japan. We inspected the following 10 kinds of PAHs: fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1, 2, 3,-cd]pyrene, benzo [ghi]perylene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene. The PAHs that showed relatively high concentrations were fluoranthene and pyrene, at 17.2 ng/g sand and 14.9 ng/g sand, respectively, on average. While the total concentration of PAHs in most samples ranged from 1 to 120 ng/g sand, some samples showed concentrations of 400, 600, and even nearly 1500 ng/g sand. The composition ratios of PAHs of most samples were comparable, but some samples had distinctive composition ratios, suggesting that various sources of pollution existed. The main problem is that the infants playing in sandboxes cannot distinguish between sandboxes polluted by PAH levels of several hundred ng/g sand or a thousand ng/g sand. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the causes of the pollution of PAH and to take countermeasures.
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Chrysene
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Environmental contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) typically occurs as mixtures of compounds. In this study, the response of indigenous soil bacterial and fungal communities to mixtures containing phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene in various combinations was examined using molecular fingerprinting techniques and quantification of a key PAH degradative gene. Results were compared to a parallel study by Sawulski et al. (2014) which examined the effect of these PAHs on soil microbial communities when added as single contaminants. The rate of degradation of individual PAHs varied depending on whether the PAH was present as a single contaminant or in a mixture; phenanthrene was degraded most rapidly when present as a sole contaminant, fluoranthene was removed faster in the presence of the lower molecular weight phenanthrene and the rate of benzo(a)pyrene degradation was reduced in the presence of the 4-ring PAH, fluoranthene. Bacterial and fungal assemblages differed significantly between treatments regardless of which PAH was added to soil. Although less abundant than the Gram-negative PAH-RHDα gene, the gene associated with Gram-positive bacteria responded to a greater extent to the presence of PAHs, either as single compounds or as mixtures and this increase was significantly correlated with PAH degradation.Contaminated sites generally contain complex mixtures of pollutants. Development of effective bioremediation strategies for contaminated soils requires knowledge of the response of soil microbial communities to such mixtures. This study provides information on the degradation of different mixtures of three priority pollutants in soil with a history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and examines the response of soil bacterial and fungal communities to the presence of these pollutants as sole contaminants or as part of a mixture. This is one of few studies to-date to compare the effects of single compounds and pollutant mixtures on more than one soil microbial community.
Fluoranthene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Degradation
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The dust was sampled using personal samplers and stationary aspirators. PAHs were determined by thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry in the UV and Vis range. In the samples the concentrations of coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene extract) and phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, tetraphene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, perylene, 1,12 benzoperylene, indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene were determined. The qualitative analysis identified all these hydrocarbons but only fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, tetraphene and benzo(a)pyrene could be quantitatively determined. The benzene extract concentration exceeds the value of 0.2 mg/m3 in 50% of samples. Much higher results were obtained for tar-concrete (1.45-2.85 mg/m3) than for asphalt-concrete (0.14-0.71 mg/m3). Also the drivers are exposed to excess benzene extract concentrations (0.055-0.669 mg/m3). Laboratory workers were found to be exposed to high concentrations of PAH and several solvents.
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Coal tar
tar (computing)
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Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Degradation
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Since polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to have epigenetic effects, we evaluated the effect of the parent chemical and the ozonated products on in vitro cell to cell communication bioassays which measures a nongenotoxic event. The scrape loading/dye transfer (SL/DT) technique was used to determine the effect of the following PAHs on gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC): fluorene, 1-methyl-fluorene, fluoranthene, anthracene, 9-methyl-anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, and benzo(e)pyrene. The methylated PAHs were more inhibitory to GJIC than the unmethylated counterparts. Fluoranthene, which has an additional ring added to fluorene, was more effective in inhibiting GJIC than fluorene. The three-ringed PAHs were also more inhibitory than the four-and five-ringed PAHs. A time-course study of fluoranthene and of pyrene resulted in maximal inhibition occurring within 30 min of incubation with the cells. The cells recovered from the inhibition within 1 hr after fluoranthene and pyrene were removed from the cell culture medium. Pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, fluorene, and fluoranthene were ozonated until the parent compound was completely eliminated as determined by reversephase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLQ. An increased level of inhibition of GJIC was observed for the ozonated mixtures of by-products of pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene, but not for fluorene, as monitored with the SL/ DT technique. The products of the ozonated pyrene mixture were fractionated and collected by RP-HPLC. Each fraction was found to be inhibitory to GJIC as monitored by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. In conclusion, current treatment technologies, such as ozonation or biologically based oxidations and methylations, do not necessarily eliminate toxicity. Therefore, it is imperative that toxicological studies be used to complement traditional chemical detection techniques used to monitor the fate of a pollutant in environmental treatment systems.
Fluoranthene
Benzopyrene
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Fluoranthene
Sphingomonas
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Sphingomonas paucimobilis
Strain (injury)
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본 연구에서는 전국에서 유통되는 대두유, 참기름, 올리브유, 마아가린 등 식용유지 총 205건을 대상으로 대표적 PAHs 화합물인 benzo(a)pyrene 등 8개 PAHs 화합물에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석한 식용유지의 PAHs 평균 함량은 각각 benzo(a)anthracene 0.53μg/kg, chrysene 0.82μg/kg, benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.50μg/kg, benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.18μg/kg, benzo(a)pyrene 0.35μg/kg, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.16μg/kg, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 0.31μg/kg, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 0.44μg/kg이었다. 조사결과 우리나라에서 현재 유통되는 식용유지 중 benzo(a)pyrene 등 PAHs 함량은 외국의 모니터링 결과와 유사하거나 낮았다.
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Chrysene
Benzopyrene
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Fluorescence measurements on selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were performed to obtain the information about the fluorescence quenching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by humic acid. The fluorescence properties of pyrene and fluoranthene in the presence of humic acid in water were investigated by three dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy. The pH influence on the fluorescence quenching of pyrene and fluoranthene were also investigated. For both pyrene and fluoranthene, the fluorescence quenching were dominated by static quenching processes. According to the result of the research, the effect of humic acid on the pyrene and fluoranthene can be calibrated in the water environment. The results show that three dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy has great potential for the use of in-situ measurement of polynuclear aromatic compounds in water environment.
Fluoranthene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
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Abstract Levels of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benz(a)pyrene in weathered crude oil from Kuwait's north (Raudhatain#l and Sabriya#5) and central (Magwa#l and Magwa#11) oil lakes were determined. The average levels of phenanthrene showed the highest values in all lakes (35.65–88.50 mg/kg). The average benz(a)pyrene levels ranged between 1.19 and 10.48 mg/kg. The average levels of fluoranthene ranged between 3.85 and 22.7 mg/kg. The highest average level of pyrene was 27.38 mg/kg. During the period September 1992 ‐ June 1993, the average rate of change in phenanthrene levels (n=4) was negative (‐0.72 mg/kg. month) indicating a decrease in its levels; whereas the average rate of change in benz(a)pyrene levels was positive (+0.34 mg/kg.month) and exhibited the highest increase among all investigated PAH levels. Based on quantitative carcinogenic classifications, the average level of benz(a)pyrene in weathered crude oil collected in June 1993 poses approximately 3 and 26 times the carcinogenic equivelancy of pyrene and fluoranthene levels, respectively.
Fluoranthene
Chrysene
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