Evidence of the Recombinant Origin of a Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Like Coronavirus and Its Implications on the Direct Ancestor of SARS Coronavirus
Chung-Chau HonTommy Tsan‐Yuk LamZheng‐Li ShiAlexei J. DrummondChi-Wai YipFanya ZengPui-Yi LamFrederick Chi-Ching Leung
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Abstract:
Bats have been identified as the natural reservoir of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like and SARS coronaviruses (SLCoV and SCoV). However, previous studies suggested that none of the currently sampled bat SLCoVs is the descendant of the direct ancestor of SCoV, based on their relatively distant phylogenetic relationship. In this study, evidence of the recombinant origin of the genome of a bat SLCoV is demonstrated. We identified a potential recombination breakpoint immediately after the consensus intergenic sequence between open reading frame 1 and the S coding region, suggesting the replication intermediates may participate in the recombination event, as previously speculated for other CoVs. Phylogenetic analysis of its parental regions suggests the presence of an uncharacterized SLCoV lineage that is phylogenetically closer to SCoVs than any of the currently sampled bat SLCoVs. Using various Bayesian molecular-clock models, interspecies transfer of this SLCoV lineage from bats to the amplifying host (e.g., civets) was estimated to have happened a median of 4.08 years before the SARS outbreak. Based on this relatively short window period, we speculate that this uncharacterized SLCoV lineage may contain the direct ancestor of SCoV. This study sheds light on the possible host bat species of the direct ancestor of SCoV, providing valuable information on the scope and focus of surveillance for the origin of SCoV.Keywords:
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Recently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has broken out in China, similar with the sever acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbroke in 2003, this pestilence has wide epidemic, strong infectivity and high pathogenicity, which led a great impact on the production, life and people's health in China, and brought huge losses to the economy as well. These two kinds of pestilence were caused by human highly pathogenic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, respectively. Traditional Chinese medicine, as a unique medical way from China, plays an indelible role in ensuring people’s health. By comparing the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, therapeutic principles and methods of traditional Chinese medicine, this paper puts forward the similarities and differences of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention, treatment and recovery periods in COVID-19 and SARS, and gives corresponding suggestions.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has formally announced that a member of the coronavirus family never before seen in humans, named by WHO and its SARS laboratory network as the SARS virus, is the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (1). An expert meeting in Geneva, attended by representatives from the SARS laboratory network, reviewed the data available on SARS, and considered the imminent strategy for development of a diagnostic test for SARS.
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Starting in the Wuhan city of China, the indiscriminate spread of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and sudden escalation in the number of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) cases has brought desolation to mankind.To control the ongoing disastrous pandemic, it is important to congregate the highest level of information on the ecology of this notorious microbe.The similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV can be traced back to their phylogenetic relationship, however, gaining insight into the divergent features of the novel coronavirus demands extensive research.This article brings together the previously known facts about SARS-coronaviruses and contrasts them with the new findings on SARS-CoV-2 from the most recent studies for future reference.This article comprehensively discusses the biology of SARScoronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, with emphasis on the unique properties of SARS-CoV-2. Evolution and zoonosisThe novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is homologous to SARS-CoV and shares about 80% of the gene sequence of SARS-CoV.While the six major open reading frames (ORFs) of SARS-CoV-2 genes share less than 80% identity in nucleotides to SARS-CoV, the seven conserved replicase domains in ORF1ab has 94.6% sequence identity in amino acids between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV [1], suggesting the possibility that these two viruses might belong to the same species.Genome sequencing showed that the genome organization of all bat SARS-like-CoVs is almost identical to that of the SARS-CoVs iso-
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SARS-CoV was identified as the causative agent of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Knowing more about the genome organization and protein structure of SARS-CoV and the relationship between SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses will be useful for treatment of SARS.
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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease in human beings. It has recently been shown that a novel coronavirus(SARS-CoV) causes the SARS. The network laboratory with different methods has rapidly identified a new coro-navirus, SARS-CoV. Three diagnostic tests are now available,but all have limitations.
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