Use of canola oil in the feed of larval and juvenile goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.)
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Goldfish were used as a model for the evaluation of canola oil as a lipid source in the feeds of larval and juvenile cyprinids. Goldfish larvae were raised from hatching until 24 weeks of age on diets containing cod liver oil. canola oil or a mixture of the two oils as the lipid source. Survival, weight gain and weight-length relationship did not differ among groups of fish fed the three diets. Carcass fatty acid profiles largely reflected those of the diets except that carcasses of fish fed canola oil contained long chain (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that are not found in canola oil. This indicates that goldfish are capable of producing these fatty acids from 18-carbon precursors. The flesh of fish fed canola oil would be inferior for human nutrition to that offish fed marine oils, due to lower (n-3) PUFA levels. However, the results do indicate that canola oil has good potential as a lipid source in larval cyprinid diets.Keywords:
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Abstract Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) juveniles were fed to satiation twice daily on one of four experimental diets containing 12, 8, 4, or 0% menhaden fish oil for 48 days in flowing-water tanks at 28 C (82 F). Basalingredients of the diets were lipid-extracted menhaden fish meal (50%), lipid-extracted, dehulled soybean meal (20%), dextrin (8.9%), cellulose (variable with fish oil) and vitamin and mineral supplements. Fish fed the 8% oil diet gained more weight than those fed the 0 to 12% fish oil diet. Fish fed the diet containing no fish oil gained less weight than those fed any of the diets containing fish oil and had deformed gill opercula and filaments. The gill anomalies are presumed to have been caused by essential lipid deficiencies in the diet. Energy deficiency could also have been responsible for poor growth by the fish fed the diet without fish oil. Energy excess could have caused the fish fed the highest level of fish oil to consume less diet and, therefore, been responsible for their reduced weight gain. Digestibility studies showed that ratio of digestible energy to digestible protein in the most productive diets, 4 and 8% fish oil, was 7.4 to 8.1 kcal/g.
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Omega-3 fatty acids, which are contained in fish oils and certain vegetable oils in contrast to corn oil or safflower oil rich in omega-6 fatty acids (linoteic acid), have been reported to reduce the carcinogenesis in several organs. In this study, the modifying effect of menhaden fish oil was investigated on the occurrence of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive hepatocellular foci, recognized preneoplastic lesions in the liver, in male F344 rats. Starting at five weeks of age, groups of animals were fed ad libitum a semipurified diet containing 5% corn oil (low fat). At seven weeks of age, all animals except the vehicle-treated groups were injected subcutaneously with AOM (15 mg/kg body wt, 1x/wk for 2 wks). Four days after the second injection, groups of animals were fed the diets containing 4% menhaden oil + 1% corn oil (low fish oil diet), 22.5% menhaden oil + 1% corn oil (high fish oil diet), and 5% corn oil. Thirty-four weeks after AOM injections, all animals were necropsied. Livers were sectioned and performed immunohistochemical staining of GST-P for quantitative analysis of enzyme altered foci of the liver. The results demonstrate that the density and the unit area of AOM-induced enzyme altered foci in the liver were significantly lower in the high fish oil group (0.60 +/- 0.08/cm2, 3.0 +/- 0.4 x 10(-4)) than in the 5% corn oil group (2.71 +/- 0.33/cm2, 16.6 +/- 2.6 x 10(-4)) and the low fish oil group (1.66 +/- 0.33/cm2, 11.1 +/- 1.9 x 10(-4)).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract . Menhaden fish oil is commonly used as chicken feed mixture as cheap omega-3 source, plenty and available over the year. Chicken feed containing menhaden fish oil can affect digestion, metabolism and production of meat and egg. The research aimed to evaluate lipid biosynthesis on blood and egg yolk of local chicken fed with feed containing menhaden fish oil as an omega-3 source. The research used 60 hens placed in individual battery cages with four treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were R 0 = control/without menhaden fish oil as omega-3 source; R 1 = with 2.5%; R 2 = with 5.0% and R 3 = with 7.5% menhaden fish oils respectively. Data analysis used analysis of variance continued with Duncan’s test. The result of the researh showed that the treatments did not signifcantly affect lipid consumption, blood lipid content, blood and yolk cholesterols. However, the treatment significantly affected yolk lipid. The used of menhaden fish oil in feed as an omega-3 source was accumulated in yolk eggs as followed: C18:3 from 0.17% (R 0 ) to 0.29% (R 2 ); DHA (C22:6) from 0.87% (R 0 ) to 3.12% (R 3 ); EPA C18:2 from 1.05% (R 0 ) to 1.85% (R 2 ); EPA C22:4 from 0.77% (R 0 ) to 0.88% (R 2 ) respectively. It could be concluded that enhancement of omega-3 content in egg could be achieved through addition of omega-3 sources in feed. Keywords: egg quality, lipid profile, menhaden fish oil Animal Production 14(1):6-12, January 2012
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This study was designed to determine whether substituting menhaden fish oil (FO) for lard (LA) in a practical sow diet was a suitable method for enriching newborn pigs with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). On d 107 of gestation, 18 crossbred sows were randomly allotted to one of three experimental diets, in which FO was substituted for LA at 0, 3.5, and 7% of the diet. On d 1, 7, 14, and 21 after farrowing samples of milk and serum from the sows and pig serum were collected for fatty acid analysis. The content of n-3 PUFA in the serum of sows fed FO increased six-fold over that in serum of LA-fed sows P < .0001). Feeding FO decreased the levels of arachidonic acid in maternal serum by approximately 50% (P < .0001). Similar changes were reflected in the fatty acid profiles of sow's milk. Pig serum n-3 PUFA levels were elevated over 5- and 10-fold within 24 h of birth in those litters born to sows fed 3.5 and 7% fish oil, respectively. Eicosapentaenoic acid levels in pig serum increased linearly (P < .01) during the first 2 wk postnatally in pigs suckling FO-feds sows and accounted for as much as 12% of the total fatty acids present on d 21. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that feeding FO to sows during late gestation and lactation enriches the newborn pig with n-3 PUFA.
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The effect of dietary intake of different levels of Menhaden fish oil on azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis was examined in male F344 rats fed the semipurified diets. Starting at 5 weeks of age, groups of animals were fed the 5% corn oil (low corn oil) diet. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except the vehicle-treated controls were given s.c. injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body weight/week for 2 weeks). After 4 days, groups of animals were fed the diets containing 4% Menhaden oil + 1% corn oil (low fish oil), 22.5% Menhaden oil + 1% corn oil (high fish oil), 5% corn oil, and 23.5% corn oil (high corn oil). Thirty-four weeks after azoxymethane injections, all animals were necropsied. High fish oil diet had no tumor promoting effect in the large intestine when compared to the high corn oil diet. There was no difference in large intestinal tumor incidence among the other dietary groups. The results of this study indicate that fish oils rich in highly polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids do not enhance large bowel carcinogenesis and that the fatty acid composition of the dietary fat is one of the determining factors in large bowel carcinogenesis.
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Introduction: The supplementation of preterm infant formulas with n-3 fatty acids is now well accepted, while the benefits of adding n-3 fatty acids to formula milk for term infants remains controversial. Objective: To investigate the effect of fish oil supplementation of maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation, and the effect of fish oil addition to formula milk on gene expression and fatty acids composition in the small intestine, liver, and quadriceps femoris muscle of offspring in the first month of life. Materials and method: Four groups of piglets were used: PC – piglets fed milk from control sows from birth for 28 days, PS – piglets fed milk from sows supplemented with 10 mL/d menhaden oil from birth for 28 days, PF – piglets fed formula from control sows from day 7 after birth for 28 days, and PFS – piglets fed formula with 1 mL/d menhaden oil from control sows from day 7 after birth for 28 days. On day 28, all piglets were slaughtered and samples of plasma, small intestine, liver and muscle were collected. Results: The results provided evidence that maternal dietary supplementation with fish oil significantly increased the expression of PPARα and FABP genes involved in fatty acids transport and metabolism, in comparison to the levels observed in offspring fed the supplemented formula milk. Conclusions: The differences in genes’ expression, as well as n-3 LP-PUFA concentration in plasma and tissue between PS and PFS groups of piglets were insignificant. We suggest that fish oil supplementation of formula milk for term infants constitutes a sufficient way to increase piglets’ plasma and tissue concentrations of n-3 fatty acids, producing a similar effect to maternal diet supplementation with these fatty acids.
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The effect of processing on the fat‐soluble vitamin content of menhaden fish oil was studied. Menhaden oil samples were taken during various steps in commercial processing. Samples included a crude oil, a bleached oil, a refined oil, a refined then bleached oil, and a refined‐bleached‐deodorized‐stabilized oil. The most processed oil had only about one‐fifth as much vitamin A and vitamin D 3 as the crude fish oil. Vitamin E levels were decreased by about half as a result of processing. Bleaching the oil with Fuller’s earth caused the major loss of retinols. Treating the fish oil with steam for several hours caused the major loss of vitamin D 3 .
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